Measurement of Field Soil Hydraulic and Solute Transport
Parameters as a Function of Water Pressure Head
 
Francis X. M. Casey*, Sally D. Logsdon, Robert Horton, and Dan B. Jaynes



F.X.M. Casey and R. Horton, Dept. Of Agronomy, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011; and S.D. Logsdon and D.B. Jaynes, USDA-ARS, National Soil Tilth Lab., 2150 Pammel Dr., Ames, IA 50011. Journal Paper No. J-17246 of Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames IA, Project No. 3287, and supported by Hatch Act and State of Iowa funds. *Corresponding author - fxcasey@iastate.edu. This material is based upon work supported by the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under Agreement No. (94 - 37102 - 0916)

Measurement of Field Soil Hydraulic and Solute Transport
Parameters as a Function of Water Pressure Head
 
ABSTRACT

Agricultural chemical presence in groundwater has drawn attention towards transport processes occurring in soil. Hydraulic conductivity (K) and water holding capacity of a soil have great influence on water flow and solute transport. However, much of the chemical transport to groundwater can occur through preferential flow pathways. The simplified, preferential flow, mobile/immobile model partitions the water content () into mobile (m) and immobile (im) domains, with solute exchange between the domains characterized by the mass exchange coefficient (). In this study a sequential tracer application technique was used and K, im, and  were estimated for a series of pressure heads (H = 10, -30, -60, and -150 mm). This method uses a tension infiltrometer to measure both hydraulic and solute transport parameters in situ. The study took place in a no-till corn (Zea mays L.) field mapped as a Harps series soil (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Calciaquoll). Unsaturated values of  and K were distinct from the saturated values. Similarly, though less clear cut, distinctions between saturated and unsaturated values of im, immobile water fraction (im/), and were observed. The medians of  for the sequence of decreasing H values were 0.40, 0.34, 0.34, and 0.33 m3m-3. The median K values for the same sequence of H's were 108, 1.69, 1.51, and 0.72 µms-1. The median im/ values for the H sequence were 0.40, 0.28, 0.25, and 0.39. The median values of  for the H sequence were 0.59, 0.015, 0.0028, and 0.0029 h-1. A strong correlation between  and H suggests a velocity dependence of.


Figure 1- The measured volumetric water contents of the field soil at the sequence of pressure heads.  This near saturation water characteristic curve was created with field measurements made by a tension infiltrometer.

Figure 2 - Shows the calculated hydraulic conductivities at the various pressure heads.  Hydraulic conductivities were calculated using infiltration rates measured with a tension infiltrometer.

Figure 3 - The immobile water fraction and immobile water content as a function pressure head.  Immobile water content values were obtained by the Jaynes et al. (1995) method.

Figure 4 - The estimated mass exchange coefficient as a function of pressure head.  Field estimates of mass exchange coefficient values were obtained using the Jaynes et al. (1995) method.