v.4.22.08
v.4.22.08
INTRODUCTION: THE COURSE APPROACH
UNIT 1:
THE NATURE OF WEEDS
1 The Nature of Weeds
1.1
Definitions of a weed
1.1.1 Other terminology
1.1.2 Other weed definitions
1.1.3 Weeds defined by their traits
1.1.4 The "ideal weed"
concept
1.1.5 Adaptive characteristics of
agronomic weeds
2 Natural Selection
2.1
Definitions
2.2
Preconditions for natural selection
2.3
Four conditions for natural selection
2.3.1 Reproduction
2.3.2 Heredity
and inheritance
2.3.3 Variation in fitness of
organisms
2.3.4 Variation in individuals and
traits
2.3.4.1 Units of selection
2.3.4.2 Genotypes and phenotypes
2.3.4.3 Epigenesis
2.3.4.4 Weed Biodiversity
2.3.4.4.1 Definitions
2.3.4.4.2 Biodiversity levels
within a habitat
2.3.4.5 Genetic Variation
2.3.4.5.1 Sources of genetic
diversity
2.3.4.5.2 Forces increasing
population diversity
2.3.4.5.3 Forces decreasing
population diversity
2.3.4.5.4 Levels of weedy
biodiversity within a habitat
2.3.4.6 Phenotypic Variation
2.3.4.6.1 Phenotypic
plasticity
2.3.4.6.2 Somatic polymorphism
2.3.4.6.3 Phenotypic traits and weed
life history
-Phenotypic life history traits
-Plant morphology, development and activity during life history
-Preadaptation
-Trait basis of the invasion process
-Life history trait lists: birth, dispersal, recruitment, vegetative growth, reproductive growth
2.3.4.7 Mating system variation
2.3.4.7.1 Apomicts
2.3.4.7.2 Self-pollinating
species
2.3.4.7.3 Out-crossing
species
2.3.4.7.4 Dioecious species
3
Weedy Adaptation: Micro- and
Macro-Evolution
3.1 Adaptation
3.2
Micro-evolution
3.2.1 Weed population shifts
3.2.1.1 Inter-specific weed
population shifts
3.2.1.2 Intra-specific weed
population shifts
3.2.1.3 Non-herbicide population
shifts
3.2.1.4 Herbicide-induced population
shifts
3.3
Macro-Evolution
3.3.1 Definitions
3.3.2 Speciation
3.3.2.1 Process of speciation
3.3.2.2 Reproductive
isolating mechanisms
3.3.2.3 Two dimension of
evolution
3.3.2.4 Modes of speciation
4 Weedy
Adaptation: Evolutionary Strategies
for Weedy Colonization
4.1
The origin of weeds: Wild-crop-weed
plant complexes
4.2
Colonizing preadaptive archetypes
4.2.1 Generalist-specialist
genotypes
4.2.2 Reproductive colonizing
types
4.3
Genetic structuring of species associations for colonization
4.3.1 Species-groups
4.3.2 Polyploid species
clusters
4.4
Genomic structure and weediness
UNIT 3:
AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITY DYNAMICS
5 Opportunity
Space
5.1
Local opportunity: space and
time
5.2
Weedy habitats
5.3
Niches in the local community
5.3.1 Definitions
5.3.2 The niche hypervolume
5.3.2.1 Diversity of community
structure dependent on spatial heterogeneity and patchiness
5.3.2.1.1 Selection in a patchy
environment
5.3.2.1.2 Dispersal
mechanisms set the scale of a plant's spatial heterogeneity
5.3.2.1.3 Lateral
heterogeneity of environments
5.3.2.1.4 Vertical heterogeneity of
environments
5.3.2.2 Diversity of
community structure dependent on the temporal division of the environment
5.3.2.3 Diversity of
community structure dependent on the differential use of resources and
conditions
5.3.2.3.1 Limiting resources
in the environment
5.3.2.3.1.1 Introductory
concepts
5.3.2.3.1.2 Light as a
resource factor
5.3.2.3.1.3 Water as a
consumable resource
5.3.2.3.1.4 Mineral nutrients
as resource factors
5.3.2.3.1.5 Gases as limiting
resource factors
5.3.2.3.1.5.1 Carbon dioxide
5.3.2.3.1.5.2 Oxygen
5.3.2.3.2 Pervasive
conditions in the environment
5.3.2.3.2.1 Temperature
5.3.2.3.2.2 Others
6.1 Disturbance: local
opportunity
6.2 Dimensionality of
disturbance
6.3 Proximity of disturbance
effects
6.4 Vulnerability to
disturbance
6.5 Temporal patterns in
disturbance
-Catastrophes
-Crashes
-Cycles
7
Plant Invasions
7.1
Introduction
7.2 Plant invasion in a
nutshell
7.3 The plant invasion
process: Dispersal, colonization,
enduring occupation and extinction
7.3.1 The invasion matrix
7.3.2 Invasion is community
and speciation
7.3.3 Dispersal
7.3.4 Colonization
7.3.5 Enduring occupation of
a locality
7.3.6 Extinction
7.4 The perception of plant
invasion
7.4.1 Human values
7.4.2 Conclusions
7.4.2.1 The human role in
creating opportunity space for plant invasion
7.4.2.2 Utilizing and
exploiting beneficial plant invasive species
8
Plant Community Structure
8.1
Introduction
8.2 Stability in plant
communities
8.3 Population genetic
structure and opportunity space
8.3.1 Case study:
The weedy Setaria species-group
8.3.1.1 Genetic diversity in
the weedy foxtails
8.3.1.2 Genetic pattern of
colonization and regional differentiation
8.3.1.3 Genetic variation and
evolutionary success in colonizers
8.4 Mating systems and
population genetic structure
8.4.1 Mating systems and
disturbance
8.5 Plant community
ecological succession
8.6
Ecological roles, guilds or trades in weed-crop plant community structure and
assembly
8.6.1 Definitions
8.6.2 Guild structure and community organization
8.6.3 Parameters of weed species ecological role and niche
8.6.4 Trait guild: Relative seedling/bud emergence order
8.6.5 Weed trait guilds
UNIT 4:
WEED LIFE HISTORY
9
The Seed life history: Seed
to seedling
9.1
Seed/propagule dormancy and germinability
9.1.1 Introduction
9.1.2 The birth of the plant
9.1.3 Definitions
9.1.4 Life history of the
seed
9.1.5 The evolutionary and
ecological basis for seed dormancy
9.1.6 Variability and somatic
polymorphism in weed seed dormancy
9.1.6.1 Definition
9.1.6.2 Evolutionary ecology
of heterblasty
9.1.6.3 Examples of weed
species heteroblasty
9.1.7 Observational categories of
seed dormancy mechanisms
9.1.7.1 Non-dormant
9.1.7.2 Vegetative, non-perenating
buds
9.1.7.3 Hard seed coats
9.1.7.4 Light and nitrate
stimulated soil surface germination
9.1.7.5 Oxygen regulated
germination and after-ripening: oxygen exclusion
9.1.7.6 Other dormancy
mechanisms
9.1.8 Beware of the seed
dormancy literature
9.1.9 Summary
9.2
Seed and propagule dispersal: The
seed rain
9.2.1 Introduction
9.2.2 The evolutionary
ecology of dispersal
9.2.2.1 Seed trade-offs
9.2.2.2 Cost of dispersal
9.2.3 Space-time dimensions
of dispersal
9.2.3.1 Spatial dispersal
9.2.3.2 Temporal dispersal
9.2.4 The process of
dispersal
9.2.4.1 Dispersal and
post-dispersal
9.2.4.2 Seed flux at a
locality
9.2.5 Modes of seed and
propagule dispersal
9.2.5.1 Gravity
9.2.5.2 Wind and air
9.2.5.3 Water
9.2.5.4 Animal, non-human
9.2.5.5 Human
9.2.5.6 Other miscellaneous
types
9.3 Soil seed and propagule
pool formation
9.3.1 Introduction
9.3.2 Seed states and
processes in the soil pool
9.3.2.1 Seed states and fates
9.3.2.2 Seed state transition
processes
9.3.3 Population dynamics in
the soil seed pool
9.3.3.1 Additions to the seed pool
9.3.3.2 Losses from the seed
pool
9.3.3.3 Continuity in the
seed pool with time
9.3.4 Structure of soil seed
pools
9.3.4.1 Spatial distribution
in the soil profile
9.3.4.2 Floral seed community
composition
9.3.4.3 Seed pool size
9.3.4.4 Seed longevity in the
soil
9.4 Seedling emergence and
establishment: Recruitment
9.4.1 The process of recruitment
9.4.2 Favorable germination
micro-sites
9.4.3 Patterns of seedling
emergence
10.1
Plant density, plant form and community diversity
10.1.1 Influences of plant
density on growth and yield
10.1.1.1 Density-yield
response
10.1.1.2 Plant-to-plant
variation
10.1.2 Influences of plant
density on mortality
10.1.3 Influences of plant
density on form and reproduction
10.1.3.1 Plant form and
diversity of community
10.1.3.2 Phenotypic
plasticity and somatic polymorphism
10.2 Forces of selection
acting on plant community dynamics and competition
10.2.1 Biological categories
of selection
10.2.1.1 r and K selection
10.2.1.2 Ecological combining
ability
10.2.1.3 Selection by the
activity of predators and pathogens
10.2.1.4 The evolutionary
consequences of disturbance
10.2.1.5 Selection in a
spatially patchy environment
10.2.2 Maximizing fitness in a
variable environment
10.2.3 Biodiversity,
complexity and community stability
10.3 Mechanisms of
interaction between neighbors in the agricultural community
10.3.1 Interference
10.3.2 Coexistence,
cohabitation and synergism
10.3.3 Modify the environment
10.3.4 Experimental
characterization of weed-crop interactions
11
The reproductive plant: Flowering
plant to parental abscission
11.1
Reproduction, mortality and life history timing of reproduction
11.1.1 Trade-offs in
reproduction
11.1.1.1 Principle of
strategic allocation
11.1.1.2 Life history
trade-offs
11.1.1.3 Timing of life
history trade-offs
11.1.2 Reproduction and
mortality
11.1.3 Timing of reproduction
11.1.4 Reproductive value
11.1.5 Risk of death
11.1.6 Age states
11.2 Reproduction and seed
trade-offs
11.2.1 Seed number
11.2.2 Seed size
11.2.2.1 Seed size plasticity
and stability in a species
11.2.2.2 Variable seed size
11.2.2.3 Relationship of seed
size to habitat
11.2.2.4 Small seed size
11.2.2.5 Relative size of
seed produced by a species
11.2.2.6 Seed weight
variation between plant species
11.2.3 Seed size and number
variation and trade-offs
11.2.4 The five roles of
seeds
11.2.5 Trade-offs among seed
roles
11.2.6 Weed examples
Archetype weed species: Life history, traits and identification
Generic page: Generic 517 Page
