v.11.20.09 v.11.20.09
1
The nature of weeds
Summary
What is a weed?
Summary
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Evolution
2.2.1 Micro- and macroevolution
2.2.2 Units of evolution and natural selection
2.3 Natural selection and elimination
2.4 The process of natural selection
2.4.1 Precondition to natural selection
2.4.2 Process of natural selection, step 1: generate variation
2.4.3 Process of natural selection, step 2: survival and reproduction
2.5 Adaptation
2.6 Conclusion
Summary
3.1 The nature of local opportunity:
space and time
3.1.1 Weedy habitats
3.1.2 Niches in the local community
3.1.3 Local opportunity spacetime structure
3.1.3.1 The niche hypervolume
3.1.3.2 Spatial heterogeneity and
patchiness
3.1.3.3 Temporal division of the environment
3.1.4 Disturbance
3.1.5 Limiting resources and conditions in
local opportunity spacetime
3.1.5.1 Light as a resource
3.1.5.2 Water as a resource
3.1.5.3 Mineral nutrients as resources
3.1.5.4 Gases as resources
3.1.5.5 Pervasive conditions in the
environment
3.2 Plant invasions
3.2.1 The plant invasion process: seizing, exploiting and occupying opportunity
spacetime
3.2.2 Dispersal
3.2.3 Colonization
3.2.4 Enduring occupation of a locality
3.2.5 Extinction
3.2.6 The perception of plant invasion
Summary
4.1 Genotypes and phenotypes
4.2 Generate genetic variation
4.2.1 Sources of genetic diversity
4.2.1.1 Forces increasing population
variability
4.2.1.2 Forces decreasing population
variability
4.2.2 Speciation
4.2.2.1 Process of speciation
4.2.2.2 Reproductive isolating mechanisms
4.2.2.3 Modes of speciation
4.3 Generate phenotypic variation
4.3.1 Phenotypic plasticity
4.3.2 Somatic polymorphism
Summary
5.1 Survive, Avoid Mortality
5.2 Reproduce the fittest, eliminate the others
5.2.1 Timing of reproduction
5.2.2 Reproductive value
5.2.3 Risk of death determines life history
5.2.4 Plant age states
5.3 Inheritance: transmit
parental traits to offspring
5.3.1 Inheritance
5.3.2 Mating systems
5.3.2.1 Apomictic species
5.3.2.2 Self-pollenating species
5.3.2.3 Out-crossing species
5.3.3 Modes of selection and population
diversity
Summary
6.1 Weed communities
6.2 Weed community biodiversity
6.2.1 Biodiversity as diversity encountered by
an individual interacting with neighbors
6.2.2 Levels of weedy biodiversity within a
habitat
6.2.3 Stability, sustainability and
biodiversity in plant communities
6.3 Weed community structure
6.3.1 The origins of weeds: wild-crop-weed plant complexes
6.3.2 Biogeographical population genetic
structure
6.3.3 Genotype structuring: species association for weedy colonization
6.3.3.1 Species-groups
6.3.3.2 Polyploid species clusters
6.3.3.3 Aggregate species
6.3.4 Genotype structuring: pre-adaptive coloninzing achetypes
6.3.4.1 Generalist-specialist genotypes
6.3.4.2 Genetic-reproductive
colonizing types
6.4 Exploiting opportunity: weed community dynamics
6.4.1 Phenotypic life history traits
6.4.1.1 Plant morphology and life history
behavior
6.4.1.2 Preadaptation
6.4.1.3 Trait basis of the invasion process
6.4.1.4 Functional
life history traits
6.4.2 Ecological roles-guilds-trades in
weed-crop plant communities
6.4.2.1 Guild structure and community
organization
6.4.2.2 Parameters of weed species ecological
role and niche
6.4.2.3 Trait guild: relative seedling/bud emergence order
6.4.3 Changes in plant community structure
6.4.3.1 Weed population shifts
6.4.3.2 Plant community ecological succession
Summary
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Adaptation in reproduction
7.2.1 Flowering, anthesis, fertilization and
birth
7.2.1.1 Parental
plant architecture
7.2.1.2 Mating systems
7.2.2 Embryo adaptation: embryogenesis and dormancy induction
7.2.2.1 Induction of seed dormancy
7.2.2.2 Life history of a seed
7.2.2.3 The evolutionary ecology of seed
dormancy
7.2.2.4 Weed
seed dormancy variability and somatic polymorphism
7.2.2.5 Evolutionary ecology of seed
heteroblasty
7.2.2.6 Weed
species seed heteroblasty examples
7.2.2.7 Observable seed dormancy-germinability regulation modes
7.2.2.7.1 Non-dormant
7.2.2.7.2 Vegetative, perinating buds
7.2.2.7.3 Hard seed coats
7.2.2.7.4 Light and nitrate stimulated
7.2.2.7.5 Oxygen and water restriction
7.2.2.7.6 Other seed dormancy
mechanisms
7.2.2.7.7 Multiple dormancy mechanisms
7.2.2.8 Conclusions
7.2.3 Propagule adaptation: post-abscission fecundity
7.2.3.1 Five roles of seeds
7.2.3.2 Principle of strategic allocation
7.2.3.3 Trade-offs among seed roles
7.2.3.4 Life history trade-offs
7.2.3.5 The timing of reproductive trade-offs
7.2.3.6 Trade-offs
between seed number and seed size
7.2.3.6.1 Seed number
7.2.3.6.2 Seed size
7.2.3.6.3 Seed size plasticity and stability
7.2.3.6.4 Variable seed size
7.2.3.6.5 Relationship of seed size to habitat
7.2.3.6.6 Small seed size
7.2.3.6.7 Relative weed species seed sizes
7.2.3.6.8 Seed weight variation
7.2.3.6.9 Seed size and number variation
trade-offs
7.2.3.7 Weed seed role trade-off examples
7.3 Propagule dispersal in space and time
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.1.1 The evolutionary ecology of dispersal
7.3.1.2 Seed
dispersal trade-offs
7.3.1.3 Cost of dispersal
7.3.1.4 Space-time dimensions of dispersal
7.3.2 Dispersal in space
7.3.2.1 Dispersal and post-dispersal processes
7.3.2.2 Seed
flux at a locality
7.3.2.3 Modes of seed and propagule dispersal
7.3.2.3.1 Gravity
7.3.2.3.2 Wind and air
7.3.2.3.3 Water
7.3.2.3.4 Animal, non-human
7.3.2.3.5 Human
7.3.2.3.6 Other modes of dispersal
7.3.3 Dispersal in time: formation of seed pools in the soil
7.3.3.1 Adaptative roles of soil seed pools
7.3.3.2 Population dynamics in the soil seed
pool
7.3.3.2.1 Seed states and fates
7.3.3.2.2 Seed state transition processes
7.3.3.3
Structure of soil seed pools
7.3.3.3.1 Spatial distribution in the soil
profile
7.3.3.3.2 Floral seed community
compostion
7.3.3.3.3 Seed pool size
7.3.3.3.4 Seed longevity in the soil
7.4 Propagule germination and recruitment
7.4.1 Introduction
7.4.2 Process of recruitment
7.4.3 Germination micro-sites
7.4.4 Patterns of seedling emergence
7.4.5 Relationship between seed heteroblasty
and recruitment timing
7.5 Weedy adaptation to neighbor interactions in the
local community
7.5.1 Introduction
7.5.2 Spatial and temporal foraging
7.5.3 Plant density, plant form and community
diversity
7.5.3.1 Influences of plant density and growth
on yield
7.5.3.1.1 Density-yield response
7.5.3.1.2 Plant-to-plant variation
7.5.3.2 Influences of plant density on
mortality
7.5.3.3 Influence of plant density on form and reproduction
7.5.3.3.1 Plant form and diversity of a
community
7.5.3.3.2 Phenotypic plasticity and somatic polymorphism
7.5.4 Forces of selection acting on the plant
community
7.5.4.1 Biological categories of selection
7.5.4.1.1 ‘r’ and ‘K’ selection
7.5.4.1.2 Selection for ecological combining
ability
7.5.4.1.3 Selection by predator and pathogen
activity
7.5.4.1.4 Evolutionary consequences of
disturbances
7.5.4.1.5 Selection in a patchy environment
7.5.4.2 Maximizing fitness in a spatially variable
environment
7.5.4.3 Biodiversity, complexity and community
stability
7.5.5 Modes of neighbor interaction in the
community
7.5.5.1 Preferential tolerance to environmental poisons
7.5.5.2 Interference
7.5.5.3 Coexistence-cohabitation-synergism
7.5.5.4 Modify the environment
7.5.6 Experimental characterization of
weed-crop interactions
Summary
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Weed life history models
8.1.2 Demographic weed life history population
dynamics models
8.2 Representation and information, inference and
prediction
8.2.1 Representation and information
8.2.2 Inference
8.2.2.1 The deme
8.2.2.1.1 Population
structure
8.2.2.1.2 Individual
phenotypic identity
8.2.2.1.3 Local
population dynamics
8.2.2.2 Life history development and behavior
8.2.2.2.1 Life
history states and processes
8.2.2.2.2 Polymorphism
and plasticity
8.2.2.3 Model formalization and measurement metrics
8.2.2.3.1 Hypothesis
of population dynamics
8.2.2.3.2 Mathematical,
algorithmic and statistical model formalization and
component description
8.2.2.3.3 Measurement
metrics
8.2.3 Predicting weed population dynamics
8.3 Evolutionary, trait-based, weed
life history population dynamics models
8.3.1 Weed population dynamics: the process of
natural selection and elimination
8.3.2 Units and objects of evolution and
natural selection
8.3.3 The local habitat
8.4 Conclusions
