Prepared by: Craig Dilley, April 1998
4.16.98
Agronomy 517: Weed Biology and Ecology
Spring Semester, 1998
Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) Outline
Prepared by: Craig Dilley
1. Taxonomy
€ Family: Portulacaceae
€ Species: Portulaca oleracea L.
€ Related species: Portulaca pilosa, Portulaca grandiflora
Common names of Portulaca oleracea L.
€ Purslane
€ Pusley
€ Pursley
€ Wild portulaca
2. Description
€ Growth Form: Forb, Succulent
€ Life Span: Annual
Growth Habit:
€ Prostrate
€ Can form a mat up to 60 cm in diameter
€ Radial growth pattern
Stem:
€ Glabrous
€ Usually reddish
€ Up to 8th degree branching
Leaves:
€ Alternate, subalternate, or opposite
€ Glabrous, thick, succulent, sessile
€ Obovate to spatulate (4 - 30 mm long, up to 13 mm wide), rounded to truncate at tip
Flowers:
€ Yellow (3 -10 mm broad)
€ Petals 5 (3 - 10 mm long by 2 - 8 mm wide)
€ Sepals 2 fused to base of ovary (3 - 4 mm long)
€ Stamens 6 - 15
€ Style branches 3 - 6
Fruit:
€ Capsule 4 - 9 mm, globe shaped
€ Circumsessile at or just below the middle
€ Many seeded
Seed:
€ Brownish-black, shiny
€ Size (0.5 - 0.8 mm in diam.)
€ Tuberculate with white scar at one end
€ Numbers (11.4 - 11.5 mg/100 seeds)
Roots:
€ Thick taproot, long
€ Many fibrous, lateral roots
3. Economic Importance
Detrimental
€ Known as the eighth most frequent plant (Matthews et al. 1993)
€ Considered a serious weed of 45 crops in 81 countries (Holm et al. 1977)
€ A serious weed problem in home gardens and in high value, commercial horticulture
crops (Hopen 1972)
€ Serves as a host for some pathogenic crop viruses (Nasser, et al. 1988)
€ Serves as alternate host for overwintering insect pests (Phytophthora
drechsleri) (Alavi 1990)
Beneficial
€ Used as a pot herb since ancient times
€ Used for medicinal treatments throughout history
€ Potential medicinal value as muscle relaxant (Habtemariam et al. 1993)
€ Used as a commercial crop (Hankins 1993)
€ Has nutritional value for humans (Kesden, et al. 1988)
4. Geographical Distribution
€ Throughout the temperate and tropical areas of the world (Holm et al. 1977)
€ Ranges from roughly 58š north latitude to 40š south latitude (Matthews et
al. 1993)
€ Ranges from sea level to 2600 m (Vengris et al. 1972)
5. Habitat
€ Open, disturbed areas
€ Hot growing season
€ High light intensity
€ Drought resistant (arid or moist)
€ pH range of 5.6 - 7.8 (Jensen 1978)
6. History
€ Site of origin: uncertain, possibly an arid climate such as North Africa (being
a xerophytic plant) (Chapman et al. 1974).
€ Dispersal to new world previously thought to have been due to post-Columbian humans
(De Candolle 1886: Matthews et al. 1993))
€ Archaeological evidence (Pollen analysis) suggests that P. oleracea arrived
in the New World in pre-Columbian times (McAndrews 1975)
7. Growth and Development
Morphology
€ Stomates open during the day and have equal numbers of stomates on the upper and
lower epidermis (Vengris et al. 1972)
€ Have specialized water storage tissues in the stem and leaves (Vengris et al. 1972)
€ In drought conditions, leaves senesce but stems remain alive (Zimmerman 1969)
Perennation
€ Survives winter as dormant seeds
Physiological data
€ C4 metabolism allows P. oleracea to optimize photosynthesis in conditions of high heat and bright sunlight while enduring periods of limited water availability (Koch and Kennedy 1982)
Phenology (Miyanishi et al. 1980)
€ Seedlings emerge when soil temps rise to 30š and have imbibed water
€ Plants develop flowers 4 - 6 weeks after emergence and seeds ripen 14 -16 days
later
€ Considered to be a Long Day plant or Facultative Short day plant. This may vary
with region.
€ Plants that germinate early in the season produce more dry mass throughout the
season (Zimmerman 1976)
€ Plants that germinate in the middle to late in the season produced flowers quicker
than those emerging in the early season
€ The life cycle is completed in 2 - 4 months in temperate and in tropical regions
8. Reproduction
Floral Biology (Zimmerman 1969)
€ Flowers are self-pollinating and nonapomictic
€ Flowers open according to temperature and light conditions
€ Flowers open in the morning to noon hours on hot, bright days
€ Flowers last one day
€ Insects play little or no role in pollination
€ 5% outcrossing has been reported, probably due to wind.
€ Vivipary has not been observed
Seed Production and Dispersal
€ Seeds develop on the main branches first, followed by the secondary branches in
succession throughout the growing season (Egley 1974)
€ An average of 72 seeds/capsule with a range of 36 - 107 has been observed (Dunn
1970)
€ Over entire season one plant may produce in the range of 101,625 - 242,540 seeds
(Zimmerman 1969)
€ No seed dispersal mechanism
€ Seeds are likely dispersed by animals, human cultural activities and by birds
(Zimmerman 1969)
Viability of Seeds and Germination
€ Will remain viable for 40 years buried in the soil (Darlington and Steinbauer
1961)
€ Will remain viable for 19 years of dry storage (Juliano 1940)
€ Seeds can tolerate temperatures from -15š C to 50š C and remain viable
(Singh 1968)
€ 6 month old seeds had a 84 % germination rate and fresh seeds had a 96% germination
rate(Miyanishi 1979)
€ Dormancy was variable among seeds collected from the same plant on the same day
(Egley 1974)
€ Dormancy increased as seeds developed and water content decreased (Egley 1974)
€ 96% germination rate was obtained when seeds were exposed to alternating 35šC
(14-h day) /20šC and 15% germination under 25šC/ 10šC (Miyanishi 1979)
€ Light may be more important than temperature in germination. At various temps
between 10šC and 40 šC many seeds germinated when exposed to light, however
practically no germination occurred in darkness (Singh 1973)
€ However, light requirement may decrease as seeds age (Singh and Singh 1967)
Vegetative Reproduction
€ P. oleracea has no vegetatively reproductive structures but when the stems are cut or broken (such as through human cultivation), adventitious roots develop at the breakage points on the stem and the plant reestablishes itself (Connard and Zimmerman 1931)
9. Hybrids
€ None recorded or successfully crossed (Steiner 1944)
10. Population Dynamics (Miyanishi and Cavers 1980)
€ Seeds are found in a wide range of habitats
€ Seeds can continually emerge throughout the season where land is cultivated
(Miyanishi 1979)
€ Density-dependent mortality occurs as the smaller, shaded seedlings lose their
leaves and die
€ The plants usually live until onset of cool temps/frost which provides a mean
life-span of 3 months
€ It is possible to have multiple generations per season.
€ P. oleracea is quick to establish a newly cleared area and set seed before
being out-competed by taller plants that develop later.
€ Senescent plants can still mature seeds
11. Management
Effective Preemergence Herbicides
€ alachlor, DCPA followed by nitrofen in mid-June (Hopen 1972b)
Effective Postemergence Herbicides
€ ethalfluralin (1.1 kg/ha), etc. (Expert Committee on Weeds...1978)
€ Other Herbicides purslane is susceptible to (Anonymous 1979)
2,4,5-T (single application)
MCPB (all repeated applications)
fenoprop (Silvex),
mecoprop
2,4-D
MPCA
€ Some resistance to 2,4-D and MCPA has been encountered in mature P. oleracea plants (Ivens 1967)
Cultivation and Mulch
€ Cultivation can be used as a means to manage P. oleracea seedlings by
uprooting them before their root systems become established (Miyanishi and Cavers 1981)
€ Established, mature P. oleracea plants, if tilled or hoed, must be removed
from the area or the stem fragments will root and reestablish; also, seeds will mature on
the uprooted plant (Miyanishi and Cavers 1981)
€ In high-value horticulture crops plastic mulch can be used to manage the growth of P. oleracea in rows (Ricotta and Masiunas 1991)
Alternative Management: Natural Compounds - Biological
€ Some plant extracts have been discovered that affect P. oleracea growth and
development which may be used as management tools (Bingaman and Christians 1995)
€ Insects such as sawfly (Sofus pilicornus) and weevil (Hypurus bertransi)have
potential as biological controls of P. oleracea (Clement and Norris 1982)
12. Response to Parasites
€ Serves as host for sugar beet nematode (Altman 1968)
€ Serves as host for sawfly (Sofus pilicornus) which mines the leaves (Gorske
et al. 1977)
13. What environments is P. oleracea best and worst in?
P. oleracea will succeed better in:
€ habitats that have been recently cultivated or are otherwise disturbed or
open
€ temperate and tropical regions that offer a long growing season of at least 3
months of hot summer conditions (Can get an early start and produce a lot of seed before
frost)
€ moist or dry environments that are bright and sunny (succulent)
€ most agroecosytems; they provide ideal conditions for the growth and development of
P. oleracea
P. oleracea would not do well in:
€ established, highly competitive environments, e.g. turf areas, pastures,
forested areas (P. oleracea is a poor competitor)
€ Those areas that are cool and shaded (Cannot take advantage of C4 pathway in
these conditions)
€ Areas that receive little or no cultivation
€ Cold climates (though widely adapted, not adapted for very cold regions)
14. Why is Portulaca oleracea such a successful weed in agroecosystems?
Agroecosystems provide a niche that purslane can take advantage of, e.g.:
€ Soil tillage brings up seeds from the seed bank and creates a uniform seed bed
€ The timing of crop production is the same for P. oleracea seed production
(enhances seedling survival)
€ Tillage clears large areas of habitat of all plant species at once (eliminates
competition in the short run)
€ A crop field is usually a highly fertile environment
€ P. oleracea can germinate and go to seed before it is out-competed by its
neighbors and/or crop
€ P. oleracea has a wide tolerance of photoperiod, light intensity,
temperature, moisture and soil type
€ Seed longevity and overwintering ability
€ Self-compatibility (not dependent on a large population to survive)
€ Can survive digestion process of many animals
€ Adapted to a wide range of habitats (world wide distribution)
€ Seed dormancy is variable
€ If most competitors/crop are C3 plants, P. oleracea will have an
advantage during hot weather
4.16.98
Agronomy 517: Weed Biology and Ecology
Spring Semester, 1998
Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) Bibliography
Prepared by Craig Dilley
Bibliography Organized by Category
1. Taxonomy and Biology
2. Economic Importance - Benefits
3. Geographical Distribution
4. Plant: Physiology and Morphology
5. C4 Physiology
6. Seed: Physiology and Germination
7. Population Dynamics
8. Competition and Allelopathy
9. Portulaca oleracea as Disease Host
10. Management: Conventional Herbicide
11. Management: Cultivation
12. Management: Mulch
13. Management: Alternative - Natural Compounds - Biological
1. Taxonomy and Biology
Beuret,-E.; Caputa,-J. 1984. [Portulaca oleracea L. [Common-purslane]]. Revue-suisse-de viticulture,-arboriculture,-horticulture Switzerland). (Sep-Oct 1984). v. 16(5) p. 288-289..
Danin,-A.; Baker,-I.; Baker,-H.G. 1978. Cytogeography and taxonomy of the Portulaca oleracea L. polyploid complex [New taxa, seed characteristics, chromosome numbers]. Isr-J Bot.Jerusalem, Weizmann Science Press of Israel. 1978. v. 27 (3/4) p. 177-211. ill., maps. .
Foster,-C.O. 1980. Purslane Portulaca oleracea. Herb-Q.Wilmington, Vt., Uphill Press. Autumn 1980. v. 2 (7) p. 22. .
Gorman,-M. 1988. Purslane goes American. Org-Gard.Emmaus, Pa.] : Rodale Press, Inc. June 1988. v. 35 (6) p. 68-69. ill..
Gorske,-S.F.; Rhodes,-A.M.; Hopen,-H.J. 1979. A numerical taxonomic study of Portulaca oleracea. Weed-Sci.Champaign, Ill., Weed Science Society of America Jan 1979. v. 27 (1) p. 96 101. ill. .
Gutterman,-Y. 1985. Flowering, seed development, and the influences during seed maturation on seed germination of annual weeds. Duke,-S.O.ed. Weed physiology. Boca Raton, Fla. (USA). CRC Press. 1985. v. 1 p. 1-25. .
Hopen,-H-J . 1972. Common purslane [Portulaca oleracea]--a problem in gardens and horticultural crops. Ill-Res, Spring 1972, 14 (2): 17. .
Hopen,-H-J. 1972. Growth of common purslane as influencing control and importance as a weed. [Portulaca oleracea] Weed-Sci, Jan 1972, 20 (1): 20-23. Ref. .
Kim,-I.; Carr,-G.D. 1990. Cytogenetics and hybridization of Portulaca in Hawaii. Syst botany.Notre Dame, IN :. July/Sept 1990. v. 15 (3) p. 370-377..
Koleshev,-V. 1981. Quantitative and species composition of weed seeds [from Amaranthus
retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L., Echinochloa crus-galii Koss., Setaria glauca L.,
Portulaca oleracea L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Raphanus raphanistrum L., Datura
stramonium L., Sinapis arvensis L., etc.] in [tobacco and vegetable] transplant producing
areas and in the manurial cover.
Gradinarska-i-Lozarska-Nauka Bulgaria). Horticultural and Viticultural Science. (1981). v.
18(8) p.94-99..
Matthews,-J.F.; Ketron,-D.W.; Zane,-S.F. 1993. The biology and taxonomy of the Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae) complex in North America. Rhodora.Lawrence, Kan. : New England Botanical Club. Apr 1993. v. 95 (882) p. 166-183..
Miyanishi,-K.; Cavers,-P.B. 1980. The biology of Canadian weeds. 40. Portulaca oleracea L. Can-J-Plant-Sci.Ottawa, Agricultural Institute of Canada. July 1980. v. 60 (3) p. 953-963. ill., map. .
Miyanishi,-K.; Cavers,-P.B. 1981. Effects of hoeing and rototilling on some aspects of the population dynamics of pure stands of Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane). Weed-Res.Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications. Apr 1981. v. 21 (2) p. 47-58. ill. .
Nyananyo,-B.L.; Okoli,-B.E. 1987. Cytological and morphological studies on Nigerian species of Portulaca (Portulacaceae) in relation to their taxonomy. Feddes-Repert.Berlin, E. Ger. : Akademie. 1987. v. 98 (11/12) p. 583-587. ill..
Popay,-A.I.; Cox,-T.I.; Ingle,-A.; Kerr,-R. 1995. Seasonal emergence of weeds in cultivated soil in New Zealand. Weed-Research Oxford) (United Kingdom). (1995). v. 35(5) p. 429-436..
Sivarajan,-V.V.; Manilal,-K.S. 1977. Taxonomic notes on Portulaca oleracea Linn. in India Portulaca oleracea linearifolia, new taxa. New-Bot.New Delhi, Today & Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers 1977. v. 4 (1/4) p. 29-31. .
Tashbekov,-I. 1977. Chemical composition of wild purslane [Portulaca oleracea]. Rastit-Resur, 1977, 13 (2): 361-364. Ref. .
Tolken,-H.R. 1981. Portulacaceae Portulaca pilosa subsp. pilosa, Portulaca pilosa subsp. decipiens, Portulaca intraterranea, Portulaca oleracea, edopsis filsonii, Anacampseros australiana, Calandeinia spp., description, Australia. Flora of Central Australia / the Australian Systematic Botany Society;J. Jessop, editor-in-chief. Sydney, N.S.W. : Reed, 1981. p. 39-45. ill. .
Woo,-I.S.; Pyon,-J.Y.; Guh,-J.O. 1989. Characterization of weed occurrence in major horticultural crops, 3; Phenological aspects of major weeds. Korean-Journal-of-Weed-Science Korea R.). (Jun 1989). v. 9(2) p. 130-140..
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2. Economic Importance - Benefits
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Hankins,-A. 1993. Garden weed may be Virginia's newest commercial crop. Va-gard newsl.Blacksburg, Va. : Virginia Tech, Virginia Cooperative Extension, [1992-. Sept 1993. v. 12 (9) p. 3..
Holm, L.G., Plunkett, D.L., Pancho, J.V. and Herberger, J.P. 1977. The world's worst weeds - distribution and biology. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu. 609 pp.
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Laferriere,-J.E. 1992. Cultural and environmental response to drought among the
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1-9..
Lal,-J.; Khan,-A.M. 1982. Pharmacognosy of the stems of Portulaca quadrifida L. and Portulaca oleracea L. Structure, chemistry, powder. Proc-Plant-Sci-Indian-Acad-Sci.Bangalore, India, The Academy. June 1982. v. 91 (3) p. 235-240. ill. .
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Methi-Sunbhanich; Peerarat-Thaina; Malinee-Pongmarutai. 1988. Studies on some pharmacological effects of Portulaca oleracea Linn. on the isolated guinea pig preparations. Songklanakarin-Journal-of-Science-and-Technology Thailand). Warasan Songklanakarin. (Oct Dec 1988). v. 10(4) p. 405-410..
Micu,-E.D. Jr.; Mateo,-C.D. 1986. Potential use of ampalaya (Momordica charantia Linn.), malunggay (Moringa oleifera Lam.), and Kolasiman (Portulaca oleracea Linn.) extracts in the preventions of piglet anemia. Philippine-Journal-of-Veterinary-and-Animal-Sciences Philippines). (Jul-Dec 1986). v. 12(3-4) p. 24-30. Issued Jan 1987..
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Okwuasaba,-F.; Parry,-O.; Ejike,-C. 1987. Investigation into the mechanism of action of extracts of Portulaca oleracea. J-Ethno-Pharmacol.Limerick : Elsevier Scientific Publishers. Sept 1987. v. 21 (1) p. 91-97. ill..
Okwuasaba,-F.; Ejike,-C.; Parry,-O. 1986. Skeletal muscle relaxant properties of the aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea. J-Ethno-Pharmacol.Limerick : Elsevier Scientific Publishers. Aug 1986. v. 17 (2) p. 139-160..
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Okwuasaba,-F.; Ejike,-C.; Parry,-O. 1987. Comparison of the skeletal muscle relaxant properties of Portulaca oleracea extracts with dantrolene sodium and methoxyverapamil. J-Ethno Pharmacol.Limerick : Elsevier Scientific Publishers. July 1987. v. 20 (2) p. 85-106. ill..
Omara-Alwala,-Thomas-R; Mebrahtu,-Tadesse; Prior,-Debra-E. 1991. Omega-three fatty acids in purslane (Portulaca oleracea) tissues. Journal-of-the-American-Oil-Chemists'-Society.v. 68 Mar. '91 p. 198-9.
Parry,-O.; Okwuasaba,-F.; Ejike,-C. 1988. Effect of an aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea leaves on smooth muscle and rat blood pressure. J-Ethno-Pharmacol.Limerick : Elsevier Scientific Publishers. Jan 1988. v. 22 (1) p. 33-34..
Parry,-O.; Okwuasaba,-F.; Ejike,-C. 1987. Preliminary clinical investigation into the muscle relaxant actions of an aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea applied topically. J-Ethno Pharmacol.Limerick : Elsevier Scientific Publishers. Sept 1987. v. 21 (1) p. 99-106..
Parry,-O.; Marks,-J.A.; Okwuasaba,-F.K. 1993. The skeletal muscle relaxant action of Portulaca oleracea: role of potassium ions. J-ethnopharmacol.Ireland : Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. Dec 1993. v. 40 (3) p. 187-194..
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Verma,-O.P.; Kumar,-S.; Chatterjee,-S.N. 1982. Antifertility effects of common edible Portulaca oleracea on the reproductive organs of male albino mice. Indian-J-Med-Res.New Delhi, Indian Council of Medical Research. Feb 1982. v. 75 p. 301-310. ill. .
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3. Geographical Distribution
Chandrasekaran,-R. 1982. The occurrence of Portulaca oleracea L. var. Linearifolia Sivarajan and Manilal (Portulacaceae) in South India. J-Econ-Taxon-Bot.Jodphur : Scientific Publishers. Oct 1982. v. 3 (2) p. 608. .
Chapman,-J; Stewart,-R-B; Yarnell,-R-A. 1974. Archaeological evidence for precolumbian introduction of Portulaca oleracea and Mollugo verticillata into eastern North America. Econ-Bot, Oct/Dec 1974, 28 (4): 411-412. Ref. .
Danin,-A.; Anderson,-L.C. 1986. Distribution of Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae) subspecies in Florida. Sida-Contrib-Bot.Dallas, Tex. : Wm. F. Mahler. May 1986. v. 11 (3) p. 318-324. ill., maps..
Martin-Mateo,-M.L.; Laborda,-E. 1981. Observations about some weeds collected in the valley of Tietar (Avila, Spain) [apple and pear trees]. Anales-de-Edafologia-y-Agrobiologia Spain). (Nov Dec 1981). v. 40(11-12) p. 2155-2161. Received at the Input Centre Jan 1983..
McAndrews,-J-H. 1975. Pre-Columbian purslane (Portulaca oleracea L) in the New World [Pollen analysis]. Nature, Feb 27, 1975, 253 (5494): 726-727.Ref. .
Nemeth,-I. 1986. Study of weed flora in the vineyards of Heves county [Hungary, Cynodon dactylon, Convolvulus arvensis, Lepidium draba, Rubus caesius, Lathyrus tuberosus, Chondrilla juncea, Equisetum ramosissimum, Agropyron repens, Portulaca oleracea, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa crus galli]. Novenyvedelem (Hungary).1986). v. 22(11) p. 501-504..
Pacho,-J.V. 1986. Weeds of vegetable farms in La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines. Moody, K.ed.). Weed Science Society of the Philippines, Inc., Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines); Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Studies and Research in Agriculture, College, Laguna (Philippines). Weed control in tropical crops. Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines). Jul 1986. v. 2: p. 1-8. Received Sep 1987..
Sutory,-K. 1981. Distribution of species Portulaca oleracea L. in Czechoslovakia. Rozsireni druhu Portulaca oleracea L. v ceskoslovensku. Car-Morav-Mus-Vedy-Prir.Brno, Czechoslovakia, Vedy Prirodni. 1981. v. 66 p. 89-96. map, plate. .
Uotila,-P. 1977. Notes on Portulaca oleracea (Portulacaceae) in Finland. Mem-Soc-Fauna-Flora Fenn, 1977, 53 (1): 21-23. Ref. .
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to weed control in the Northeast. 7. Common purslane. Res. Bull. No. 598 Agric. Exp.Sta.,
Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. 46 pp.
4. Plant Physiology and Morphology
Connard, M.H. and Zimmerman, P.W. 1931. Origin of adventitious roots in cuttings of Portulaca oleracea . Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. Plant Res. 3: 337-346.
Dunn,-S. 1970. Light quality effects on the life cycle of common purslane. [Portulaca
oleracea].
Weed-Sci, Sept 1970, 18 (5): 611-613. .
Ghazy,-A.E.H.M. 1982. Properties of perozidase isoenzymes of Portulaca oleracea stems. Res Bull-Ain-Shams-Univ-Fac-Agric.Cairo : The Faculty. Oct 1982. (2031) 13 p. ill..
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Imperato,-F. 1975. Acylated betacyanins of Portulaca oleracea. Phytochemistry, Sept 1975, 14 (9): 2091-2092.
Janiya,-J.D.; Moody,-K. 1991. Weed and upland rice yield response to moisture and basal nitrogen [Philippines]. Philippine-Journal-of-Weed-Science Philippines). (Dec 1991). v. 18 p. 41 56. Issued Aug 1992..
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Joshi,-G.V.; Karadge,-B.A. 1980. Photosynthesis in greeen and senescent leaves of Portulaca oleracea Linn. Proc-Indian-Natl-Sci-Acad-Part-B-Biol-Sci.New Delhi, The Academy. 1980. v. 46 (3) p. 361-368. .
Joshi,-G.V.; Karadge,-B.A. 1979. Effect of sodium chloride on photosynthetic 14CO2 carbon dioxide, isotopes assimilation in Portulaca oleracea Linn. Indian-J-Exp-Biol.New Delhi, Council of Scientific And Industrial Research Feb 1979. v. 17 (2) p. 167-170. ill. .
Junya-Onmanerad. 1989. Study on pollen and morphology of some dicotyledonous terrestrial weeds in Kasetsart University, Bangkhen Campus [Thailand]. Kasetsart Univ., Bangkok (Thailand). Graduate School. Bangkok (Thailand).1989. 135 leaves..
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Karadge,-B.A.; Joshi,-G.V. 1985. Photosynthetic metabolism of alanine in Portulaca
oleracea L.
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Kim,-S.C.; Lee,-S.K.; Chung,-G.S. 1989. Stomata variation of rice and weeds.Korean-Journal of-Weed-Science Korea R.). (Mar 1989). v. 9(1) p. 46-55..
Kwon,-S.T.; Oh,-S.M. 1994. Effects of desiccation, sucrose and salt stress on the regeneration of Portulaca oleracea cultured cells. Korean-Journal-of-Plant-Tissue-Culture Korea Republic). (Mar 1994). v. 21(2) p. 117-121..
Lehoczki,-E.; Debreczeni,-B.; Kiss,-E. 1985. Changes in the chemical composition of weeds [Portulaca oleracea, Chenopodium album]. Novenyvedelem (Hungary).1985). v. 21(10) p. 454..
Novoplansky,-A. 1991. Developmental responses of portulaca seedlings to conflicting spectral signals. Oecologia.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International. 1991. v. 88 (1) p. 138-140..
Outlaw,-W.H.; Manchester,-J. 1980. Conceptual error in determination of NAD+-malic enzyme in extracts containing NAD+-malic dehydrogenase Portulaca oleracea. Plant-Physiol.Bethesda, Md., American Society of Plant Physiologists. June 1980. v. 65 (6) p. 1136-1138. ill. .
Park,-J.S.; Kim,-K.U. 1988. Identification of physiologically active compounds from purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.). Korean-Journal-of-Weed-Science Korea R.). (Aug 1988). v. 8(2) p. 169 175..
Reger,-B-J; Egley,-G-H; Swanson,-C-R. 1975. Polysome formation in light-sensitive common purslane [Portulaca oleracea]. Plant-Physiol, May 1975, 55 (5): 928-931. Ref. .
Singh,-K-P. 1972. Effect of different photoperiods on growth and flowering in Portulaca oleracea L. Cur-Sci, Aug 5, 1972, 41 (15): 573-574.
Steiner, E. 1944. Cytogenetic studies on Talinum and Portulaca. Bot. Gaz. 105: 374-379.
Tapia,-L.; Rita,-J. 1981. Biomass and protein production of Portulaca oleracea L. Photosynthesis and plant productivity : joint Meeting of O.E.C.D.and Studienzentrum Weikersheim, Ettlingen Castle (Germany), October 11-14, 1981 / editor: H. Metzner. Stuttgart : Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 1983. p. 89-92. .
Tarasawa,-T.; Hirose,-S.; Asano,-H.1991. Effect of past record of fertilizer application on growth response of large crabgrass (Digitaria adscendens Henr.) and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.). Weed-Research Japan. (Aug 1991). v. 36(2) p. 142-147..
Tulloch,-A-P. 1974. Leaf wax of Portulaca oleracea. Lipids, Sept 1974, 9 (9): 664-668.Ref. .
5. C4 Physiology
Angelopoulos,-K.; Zervoudakis,-G.; Vouqiouklakis,-S.; Gavalas,-N. 1990. 328: Differences among C4-species in cold inactivation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and the effect of pH on it. 7. Congress of the Federation of European Societies of Plant Physiology. Umeaa (Sweden). 5 10 Aug 1990. Physiologia-Plantarum Denmark). (Jun 1990). v. 79(2, part 2) p. A58..
Bunce,-J.A. 1983. Differential sensitivity to humidity of daily photosynthesis in the field in C3 and C4 3 carbon and 4 carbon chains species Amaranthus hybridus, Portulaca oleracea, Chenopodium album. Oecologia.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International. 1983. v. 57 (1/2) p. 262-265. .
Chang,-N.K.; Lee,-K.H.; Kim,-H.B. 1981. A study on characteristics of Crassulacean acid metabolism in leaves and stems of Portulaca oleracea L. 1981. The-Korean-Journal-of-Ecology Korea Republic). (Sep-Dec 1981). v. 4(3.4) p. 114-123..
Crookston,-R-K; Ozbun,-J-L. 1975. The occurrence and ultrastructure of Chloroplasts in the
phloem parenchyma of leaves of C4 [carbon] dicotyledons [Boerhaavia paniculata, Portulaca
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Fathi,-M.; Schnarrenberger,-C. 1990. Purification by immunoadsorption and
immunochemical properties of NADP-dependent malic enzymes from leaves of C3, C4, and
Crassulacean acid metabolism plants. Plant-Physiol.Rockville, Md. : American Society of
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710-717. ill..
Hatch,-M-D. 1975. C4 [carbon]-pathway photosynthesis in Portulaca oleracea and the significance of alanine labelling. Planta, 1975, 125 (3): 273-279.Ref. .
Jiao,-J.A.; Echevarria,-C.; Vidal,-J.; Chollet,-R. 1991. Protein turnover as a component in the light/dark regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase protein-serine kinase activity in C4 plants. Proceedings-of-the-National-Academy-of-Sciences-of-the-United-States-of-America USA). (1 Apr 1991). v. 88(7) p. 2712-2715. .
Kennedy,-R-A. 1977. The effects of NaCl- [sodium chloride], polyethyleneglycol-, and naturally induced water stress on photosynthetic products, photosynthetic rates, and CO2 [carbon dioxide] compensation points in C4 [carbon pathway] plants [Maize, Portulaca oleracea]. Z Pflanzenphysiol, 1977, 83 (1): 11-24. Ref. .
Kennedy,-R-A. 1976. Relationship between leaf development, carboxylase enzyme activities and photorespiration in the C4 [carbon]-plant Portulaca oleracea L. Planta, 1976, 128 (2): 149 154.Ref. .
Kennedy,-R.A.; Barnes,-J.E.; Laetsch,-W.M. 1977. Photosynthesis in C4 [carbon pathway] plant tissue cultures. Significance of Kranz anatomy to C4 acid metabolism in C4 plants [Portulaca oleracea]. Plant-Physiology USA). (Apr 1977). v. 59(4) p. 600-603..
Kennedy,-R.A.; Laetsch,-W.M. 1974. Formation of 14C-labeled alanine from pyruvate during short term photosynthesis in a C4 plant [Radioactive carbon, Portulaca oleracea]. Plant Physiology USA). (Oct 1974). v. 54(4) p. 608-611..
Kennedy,-R-A; Laetsch,-W-M. 1973. Relationship between leaf development and primary
photosynthetic products in the C4 [carbon] plant Portulaca oleracea L. Planta, 1973, 115
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Kennedy,-R-A; Williams,-L-E. 1977. Effect of different killing techniques on early labeled phostosynthetic products in C4 [carbon pathway] plants [Portulaca oleracea, maize]. Plant Physiol, Feb 1977, 59 (2): 207-210. Ref. .
Kleczkowski,-L.A.; Randall,-D.D. 1987. Immunologically distinct forms of adenylate kinase in leaves: comparison of subunit size of adenylate kinase from C3 and C4 plants. J-Exp-Bot.Oxford : Clarendon Press. Sept 1987. v. 38 (194) p. 1440-1445. ill..
Koch,-K.E.; Kennedy,-R.A. 1982. Crassulacean acid metabolism in the succulent C4 [carbon pathway] dicot, Portulaca oleracea L under natural environmental conditions. Plant-Physiology USA). (Apr 1982). v. 69(4) p. 757-761. .
Koch,-K.; Kennedy,-R.A. 1980. Characteristics of Crassulacean acid metabolism in the succulent C4 [carbon pathway] dicot, Portulaca oleracea L. Plant-Physiol.Bethesda, Md., American Society of Plant Physiologists. Feb 1980. v. 65 (2) p. 193-197. ill. .
Kraybill,-A.A.; Martin,-C.E. 1996. Crassulacean acid metabolism in three species of the C4 genus Portulaca. Int-j-plant-sci.Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press, c1992-. Jan 1996. v. 157 (1) p. 103-109..
Mazen,-A.M.A. 1996. Changes in levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase with induction of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)-like behaviour in the C4 plant Portulaca oleracea. Physiologia-Plantarum Denmark). (Sep 1996). v. 98(1) p. 111-116..
Miller,-T.E.; Wing,-J.S.; Huete,-A.R. 1984. The agricultural potential of selected C4 plants in arid environments [carbon]. J-Arid-Environ.London, Eng. : Academic Press. Sept 1984. v. 7 (3) p. 275-286..
Pfundel,-E.; Nagel,-E.; Meister,-A. 1996. Analyzing the light energy distribution in
the photosynthetic apparatus of C4 plants using highly purified mesophyll and
bundle-sheath thylakoids. Plant-physiol.Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant
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Rajagopalan,-A.V.; Tirumala-Devi,-M.; Raghavendra,-A.S. 1993. Patterns of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity and cytosolic pH during light activation and dark deactivation in C(3) and C(4) plants. Photosynthesis-Research Netherlands). (Oct 1993). v. 38(1) p. 51-60..
Rathnam,-C-K-M; Raghavendra,-A-S; Rama-Das,-V-S. 1976. Diversity in the arrangements of mesophyll cells among leaved of certain C4 [carbon 4] dicotyledons in relation to C4 physiology [Portulaca oleracea, Trianthema portulacastrum]. Z-Pflanzenphysiol, 1976, 77 (4): 283-291. Ref. .
Selinoioti,-E.; Karabourniotis,-G.; Manetas,-Y.; Gavalas,-N.A. 1985. Modulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase by 3-phosphoglycerate: probable physiological significance for c4-photosynthesis. J-Plant-Physiol.Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Gustav Fischer. 1985. v. 121 (4) p. 353 360..
Sprey,-B; Laetsch,-W-M . 1978. Structural studies of peripheral reticulum in C4 [carbon pathway] plant chloroplasts of Portulaca oleracea L. Z-Pflanzenphysiol, Apr 1978, 87 (1): 37-53. Plates. Ref. .
Wojciechowski,-A. 1982. C4 syndrome on the ontogenetic background Portulaca oleracea.
Syndrom C4 na tle rozwoju ontogenetycznego. Wiad-Bot.Krakow, Panstwowe Wydawnictwo
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6. Seed: Physiology and Germination
Cho,-K.Y.; Kim,-J.S.; Kim,-Y.S. 1987. Germination induction of some weed seeds stored under dry and low temperature conditions. Korean-Journal-of-Weed-Science Korea R.). (Jun 1987). v. 7(1) p. 19-28..
Darlington, H.T. and Steinbauer, G. P. 1961. The eighty-year period for Dr. Beal's seed viability experiment. Amer. J. Bot. 48: 321-325.
Duke,-S-O; Egley,-G-H; Reger,-B-J. 1976. Photosensitivity changes in dark dormant common purslane seeds [Portulaca oleracea, abstract only]. Proc-South-Weed-Sci-Soc, 1976, 29th: 412. .
Duke,-S.O.; Egley,-G.H.; Reger,-B.J. 1977. Model for variable light sensitivity in imbibed dark dormant seeds. Plant-Physiol.Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists. Feb 1977. v. 59 (2) p. 244-249..
Dunn, S. 1970. Light quality effects on the life cycle of common purslane. Weed Sci. 18:611 613.
Egley,-G.H. 1974. Dormancy variations in common purslane [Portulaca oleracea] seeds. Weed Science USA). (Nov 1974). v. 22(6) p. 535-540..
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Weed-science USA). (Jul-Sep 1990). v. 38(4/5) p. 429-435. .
Egley,-G.H. 1984. Ethylene, nitrate and nitrite interactions in the promotion of dark germination of common purslane seeds. Ann-Bot.London : Academic Press. June 1984. v. 53 (6) p. 833-840..
Gutterman,-Y. 1974. The influence of the photoperiodic regime and red-far red light treatments of Portulaca oleracea L. plants on the germinability of their seeds. Oecologia, 1974, 17 (1): 27 38.Ref.
Gutterman,-Y. 1985. Flowering, seed development, and the influences during seed maturation on seed germination of annual weeds. Weed physiology / editor, Stephen O.Duke. Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press, c1985. v. 1 p. 1-25. ill..
Hoagland,-R-E. 1977. Proteolytic enzymes in dormant and germinating common purslane seeds [Portulaca oleracea, abstract only]. Proc-South-Weed-Sci-Soc, Mar 7, 1977, 30: 365.
Hooper,-G-R; Rice,-R-P Jr; Flegler,-S-L; Putnam,-A-R. 1978. The effect of ultrahighfrequency electromagnetic energy on adenosine triphosphatase activity in germinating weed seeds [Echinochlea crusgalli, Digitaria sauguinalis, Portulaca oleracea]. J-Am-Soc-Hortic-Sci, Mar 1978, 103 (2): 173-176. Ref. .
Hurtt,-W.; Hodgson,-R.H. 1987. Effects of nonionic surfactants, temperature, and light on germination of weed seeds. Weed-Sci.Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America. Jan 1987. v. 35 (1) p. 52-57..
Johnson,-D.W.; Krall,-J.M.; Delaney,-R.H.; Thiel,-D.S. 1990. Response of seed of 10 weed species to Fresnel-lens-concentrated solar radiation. Weed-Technol-J-Weed-Sci-Soc Am.Champaign, Ill. : The Society. Jan/Mar 1990. v. 4 (1) p. 109-114. ill..
Juliano, J.B. 1940. Viability of some Philippine weed seeds. Philippine Agric. 29: 313-326.
Menges,-R.M. 1987. Weed seed population dynamics during six years of weed management systems in crop rotations on irrigated soil. Weed-science USA). (May 1987). v. 35(3) p. 328-332.
Miyake,-H.; Furukawa,-A.; Totsuka,-T. 1985. Structural associations between mitochondria and chloroplasts in the bundle sheath cells of Portulaca oleracea. Ann-Bot.London : Academic Press. June 1985. v. 55 (6) p. 815-817. ill..
Miyanishi, K. 1979. A comparison of disturbed and undisturbed pure stands of Portulaca oleracea L. M.Sc. thesis, Univ. of Western Ontario, London, Ont. 171 pp.
Reger,-B.J.; Yates,-I.E. 1978. Protein and nucleic acid syntheses in dark-dormant common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) seed. Weed-Sci.Champaign, Ill., Weed Science Society of America Nov 1978. v. 26 (6) p. 669-672. ill. .
Singh,-K-P. 1973. Effect of temperature and light on seed germination of two ecotypes of Portulaca oleracea L. New-Phytol, Mar 1973, 72 (2): 289-295. Ref. .
Singh, K.P. 1968. Thermoresponse of Portulaca oleracea seeds. Curr. Sci. 37: 506.
Singh, J.S. and Singh, K.P. 1967. Contribution to the ecology of ten noxious weeds. J. Ind. Bot. Soc. 46: 440-451.
Terasawa,-T.; Hirose,-S.; Asano,-H. 1982. Ecological studies on environmental adaptation in weeds, 5: Effects of the cultural conditions on germination in common purslane [Portulaca oleracea]. Weed-Research Japan). (Dec 1982). v. 27(4) p. 245-250..
Wilson,-R.G.; Kerr,-E.D.; Nelson,-L.A. 1985. Potential for using weed seed content in the soil to predict future weed problems. Weed-Sci.Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America. Mar 1985. v. 33 (2) p. 171-175..
Woo,-I.S. 1991. Germination and emergence of major upland weeds, 2; Effects of soil depth, pH and fertilization on emergence of weeds. Korean-Journal-of-Weed-Science Korea Republic). (Sep 1991). v. 11(3) p. 224-228..
Woo,-I.S. 1991. Germination and emergence of major upland weeds, 1; Effects of media and low temperature on germination of weeds. Korean-Journal-of-Weed-Science Korea Republic). (Sep 1991). v. 11(3) p. 219-223..
Woo,-I.S.; Pyon,-J.Y. 1989. Characterization of weed occurrence in major horticultural crops., 2; Effects of temperature and moisture on germination and emergence of weeds. Korean-Journal of-Weed-Science Korea R.). (Jun 1989). v. 9(2) p. 123-129..
7. Population Dynamics
Asano,-H.; Terasawa,-T.; Hirose,-S. 1980. Ecological studies on environmental adaptation in weeds, 2: The effect of nitrogen level on growth and seed productive structure of large crabgrass [Digitaria adscendens] and common purslane [portulaca oleracea]. Weed-Research Japan). (Aug 1980). v. 25(2) p. 88-92..
Gu-Dexing. 1992. A study on adaptability and tolerance of Portulaca oleracea L. at population level. Journal-of-Weed-Science China). (Jun 1992). v. 6(2) p. 7-13..
Kasera,-P.K.; Sen,-D.N. 1991. Adaptive strategies of weeds in cultivated fields [in India]. Bangladesh Botanical Society, Dhaka (Bangladesh).Proceedings of the International Botanical Conference. Dhaka (Bangladesh). BBS. 1991. p. 18..
Menges,-R.M. 1987. Weed seed population dynamics during six years of weed management systems in crop rotations on irrigated soil. Weed-Sci.Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America. May 1987. v. 35 (3) p. 328-332..
Noguchi,-K; Nakayama,-K; Ban,-C-D.1975. Studies on ecological characteristics of common purslane [Portulaca oleracea]. J-Cent-Agric-Exp-Stn-Konosu, Feb 1975, 22: 179-202. Ref. Eng. sum. .
Park,-J.S.; Kim,-K.U.; Lee,-Y.D. 1988. Physio-ecological characteristics of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.). Korean-Journal-of-Weed-Science Korea R.). (Apr 1988). v. 8(1) p. 23-27..
Soetrisno,-H. 1981. The influence of weed density [Borriria elata, Bidens pilosa, Portulaca oleracea, Echinochloa colonum, Tridax procumbens, Paspalum conjugatum, Pancium repens and Cynodon dactylon] on the growth of upland rice. Bogor (Indonesia).1981. 36 p..
Swanborough,-P.; Westoby,-M. 1996. Seedling relative growth rate and its components in relation to seed size: phylogenetically independent contrasts. Functional-Ecology United Kingdom). (1996). v. 10(2) p. 176-184..
Takeuchi,-E.; Miwa,-S. 1983. A study on geneto-ecological characteristics and control of Portulaca oleracea Linnaeus. Bulletin-of-the-Chiba-ken-Agricultural-Experiment-Station Japan). (Mar 1983). (no.24) p. 35-42..
Terasawa,-T. 1991. Effect of past record of plant density on growth response of large crabrass (Digitaria adscendens Henr.) and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.). Weed-Research Japan). (Aug 1991). v. 36(2) p. 148-152..
Tominaga,-T.; Watanabe,-O. 1994. Weed emergence pattern in vegetable garden. Journal-of-the Faculty-of-Agriculture-Shinshu-University Japan). (Dec 1994). v. 31(2) p. 145-151..
Woo,-I.S.; Pyon,-J.Y. 1989. Characterization of weed occurrence in major horticultural crops., 2; Effects of temperature and moisture on germination and emergence of weeds. Korean-Journal of-Weed-Science Korea R.). (Jun 1989). v. 9(2) p. 123-129..
Woo,-I.S.; Pyon,-J.Y. 1988. Characterization of weed occurrence in protected culture (P.E. house, P.E. tunnel, P.E. mulching). Korean-Journal-of-Weed-Science Korea R.). (Dec 1988). v. 8(3) p. 317-323..
Woo,-I.S.; Pyon,-J.Y. 1988. Characterization of weed occurrence in garlic and red pepper fields. Korean-Journal-of-Weed-Science Korea R.). (Apr 1988). v. 8(1) p. 1-8..
Woo,-I.S.; Pyon,-J.Y. 1988. Characterization of weed occurrence in apple orchards. Korean Journal-of-Weed-Science Korea R.). (Apr 1988). v. 8(2) p. 164-168..
Zimmerman,-C-A. 1977. A comparison of breeding systems and seed physiologies in three [weed] species of Portulaca L. [Portulaca oleracea, Portulaca grandiflora, Portulaca pilosa].Ecology Durham, Summer 1977, 58 (4): 860-868. Ref. .
Zimmerman,-C-A. 1976. Growth characteristics of weediness in Portulaca oleracea L . Ecology Durham, Late Summer 1976, 57 (5): 964-974. REf. .
Zimmerman,-Craig-Arthur. 1969. The causes and characteristics of weediness in Portulaca oleracea L. [Ann Arbor], 1969, 248 l.illus. .
8. Competition and Allelopathy
Andino,-V.; Hernandez,-E.; Garcia,-V. 1992. The critical period of competition of weed on Virginia tobacco "Speight G-28" variety. Cultivos-Agroindustriales Cuba). (1992). v. 2(1) p. 65 75..
Chun,-J.C.; Han,-K.W. 1989. An identification of volatile terpenes in allelopathic weeds. Korean-Journal-of-Weed-Science Korea R.). (Jun 1989). v. 9(2) p. 149-153..
Chun,-J.C.; Han,-K.W.; Jang,-B.C.; Shin,-H.S. 1988. Determination of phenolic compounds responsible for allelopathy in upland weeds. Korean-Journal-of-Weed-Science Korea R.). (Dec 1988). v. 8(3) p. 258-264..
Dunan,-C.M.; Westra,-P.; Moore,-F.; Chapman,-P. 1996. Modelling the effect of duration of weed competition, weed density and weed competitiveness on seeded, irrigated onion. Weed Research Oxford) (United Kingdom). (1996). v. 36(3) p. 259-269..
Handayaningsih,-M.; Rosilawati; Utomo,-I.H.; Lontoh,-A.P. 1986. Competition between
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Kuerschner,-E. 1988. Weed competition in cabbage: effect of weeds on yield and damage due to other pests. 19. Pest Control Council of the Philippines. Cebu City (Philippines). 3-7 May 1988. Cebu City (Philippines).1988. 1 leaf..
Lopez,-R.J.; Rodriguez-Bozan,-J.I. 1989. Intraespecific competition in Portulaca
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Noriel,-L.M.; Robles,-R.P. 1988. Allelopathic potential of ten common weed species in the Philippines. 19. Pest Control Council of the Philippines. Cebu City (Philippines). 3-7 May 1988. Cebu City (Philippines).1988. 1 leaf..
Novoplansky,-A.; Cohen,-D.; Sachs,-T. 1990. How portulaca seedlings avoid their neighbours. Oecologia.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International. 1990. v. 82 (4) p. 490-493. ill..
Rahman,-R.; Khan,-M.W. 1987. Interactions between certain weeds and some solanaceous vegetable crops. Acta-Bot-Indica.Meerut, India : Society for Advancement of Botany. June 1987. v. 15 (1) p. 55-61..
Ridho,-C. 1992. Critical period of garlic (Allium sativum L.) Lumbu Putih due to weed competition and some soil tillages. Majalah-Ilmiah-Pembangunan Indonesia). (1992). v. 2(1) p. 10-25. Received 1993..
Shim,-S.I.; Sohn,-Y.K.; Lee,-S.G.; Kang,-B.H. 1991. Studies on the allelopathic effects of the several weeds. Korean-Journal-of-Weed-Science Korea Republic). (Sep 1991). v. 11(3) p. 211 218..
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9. Portulaca oleracea as Disease Host
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Amin,-W.A.; Budai,-Cs. 1992. Occurrence of root gall nematodes on weeds in South-Eastern Hungary. Novenyvedelem (Hungary).1992). v. 28(9) p. 356-361..
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Chandler,-L.D.; Chandler,-J.M. 1988. Comparative host suitability of bell pepper and selected weed species for Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess). Southwest-Entomol.College Station, Tex. : Southwestern Entomological Society. June 1988. v. 13 (2) p. 137-146..
Dodds,-J.A.; Taylor,-G.S. 1980. Cucumber mosaic virus infection of tobacco transplants and purslane (Portulaca oleracea). Plant-Dis.St. Paul, Minn., American Phytopathological Society. Mar 1980. v. 64 (3) p. 294-296. ill. .
Fernandez,-E.; Carrasco,-J.; La-O,-F. 1991. Weeds as hosts of Meloidogyne spp. in guava (Psidium guajava) plantations. Short communication. Proteccion-de-Plantas Cuba). (1991). v. 1(3-4) p. 81-85..
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Hartel,-P.G.; Williamson,-J.W.; Schell,-M.A. 1990. Growth of genetically altered Pseudomonas solanacearum in soil and rhizosphere. Soil-Sci-Soc-Am-J.Madison, Wis. : The Society. July/Aug 1990. v. 54 (4) p. 1021-1025..
Jenser,-G.; Dabaj,-H. 1991. Damage caused by Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood as a possible reason for unsuccessful replantation in vineyards on sandy soil. Novenyvedelem (Hungary).1991). v. 27(2) p. 62-65..
Khan,-R.M.; Khan,-M.W. 1985. Portulaca oleracea hitheto undrecorded host of Rotylenchulus reniformis from India. Acta-Bot-Indica.Meerut, India : Society for Advancement of Botany. Dec 1985. v. 13 (2) p. 295-286..
Lima-Neto,-V.-da-C.; Lima,-M.L.R.Z.-da-C.; Souza,-V.B.V.-de. 1982. Weeds as sources of viruses that affect cultivated plants in, Parana state [Euphorbia prostata Phyllantus corcovandensis, Ambrosia polystachya, Talinum patens, Cassia occidentalis, Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria mucronata, Oxalis oxyptera, Euphorbia prunifolia, Portulaca oleracea, soybean, Glycine max, cucumber, mosaic, necrosis, peanut, Brazil]. Revista-do-Setor-de-Ciencias-Agrarias Brazil). (1982). v. 4(1-2) p. 1-6..
Mercado-V,-Diego-Manuel. 1996. [Weed hosts of viruses causing sugarbeet yellows (Beta vulgaris L. var. saccharifera), in the zone of Nuble]. Chillan (Chile).1996. 30 p..
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Nasser,-M.A.K.; Basky,-Zs. 1988. The role of some weeds as natural reservoirs of Cucumber Mosaic Virus (Raphanus raphanistrum; Polyonum persicaria; Malva neglecta; Hibiscus trionum; Portulaca oleracea; Galinsoga parviflora). Novenyvedelem (Hungary).1988). v. 24(7) p. 310..
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Reddy,-A.V.; Jeyarajan,-R. 1988. New weed host for rice yellow dwarf (RYD) pathogen. International-Rice-Research-Newsletter Philippines). (Dec 1988). v. 13(6) p. 35. Issued Jan 1989..
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Vegh,-I.; Le-Berre,-A. 1984. Presence in France of two new diseases in purslane and tarragon [Portulaca oleracea, Artemisia dracunculus, Dichotomophthora portulacae, Phoma sp.]. Presence en France du deux maladies nouvelles sur pourpier commun et estragon. P-H-M-Rev-Hortic.Paris : Syndicat national de la presse agricole. Aug/Sept 1984. (249) p. 15-17. ill..
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Zaragoza,-B.A. 1990. Etiology of the yellowing and wilt diseases of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). College, Laguna (Philippines).Oct 1990. 95 leaves..
10. Management: Conventional Herbicide
Anonymous. 1979. Guide to chemical weed control. Ontario Dept. Agric. and Food Publ. 75, Toronto, Ont. 102 pp.
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Beste,-C.E. 1989. Terbacil selectivity for watermelon. Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Weeds.np]. 1989. v. 3 p. 1045-1048..
Blanco,-H.G.1983.[The importance of weed control in coffee crop [Coffea arabica, purslane, Portulaca oleracea, mattress grass, Digitaria sanguinalis, beggar-ticks, Bidens pilosa]]. Agroquimica (Brazil).1983). (no. 22) p. 4-9..
Bodor,-Gy.; Karman,-J. 1990. Chemical weed control experiment in spruce seedbeds using the preparation Goal 2 E. Novenyvedelem (Hungary).1990). v. 26(7) p. 319-322..
Boyhan,-G.E.; Kovach,-S.P.; Norton,-J.D.; Abrahams,-B.R.; Hollingsworth,-M.H.; Dangler, J.M.1995. Preemergent herbicides for cantaloupe and watermelon. J-veg-crop-prod.Binghamton, NY : Food Products Press, c1995-. 1995. v. 1 (1) p. 79-92..
Canevari,-W.M.; Mitich,-L.W.; Kyser,-G.B. 1986. Evaluation of postemergence herbicides for crop phytotoxicity and control of selected weeds in kidney beans. Res-Prog-Rep-West-Soc-Weed Sci.S.l.] : Western Society of Weed Science. 1986. p. 147-148..
Cavero,-J.; Zaragoza,-C.; Gil-Ortega,-R.1996. Tolerance of direct-seeded pepper (Capsicum annuum) under plastic mulch to herbicides.Weed-technol.Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America. Oct/Dec 1996. v. 10 (4) p.900-906..
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Eyherabide,-J.J. 1995. Evaluation of pre-emergence application of herbicides on weed control in potatoes.Tests-agrochem-cultiv.London : Association of Applied Biologists, c1980-. June 1995. (16) p. 62-63..
Falk,-R.H.; Guggenheim,-R.; Schulke,-G. 1994. Surfactant-induced phytotoxicity.Weed technol.Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America. July/Sept 1994. v. 8 (3) p. 519-525..
Fatemi,-H. 1987. The weeds of corn fields and the effects of five herbicides on them in
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Giannopolitis,-N.K. 1986. Antagonistic interaction of herbicides on Portulaca oleracea. Chronika Benaki-Phytopathological-Institute Greece). (1986). v. 15(1) p. 81-84..
Gorske,-S.F.; Hopen,-H.J. 1978. Effects of two diphenylether herbicides on common purslane (Portulaca oleracea).Weed-Sci.Champaign, Ill., Weed Science Society of America Nov 1978. v. 26 (6) p. 585-588. ill. .
Halos,-P.M. 1986. Alachlor mixtures for weed control in hybrid corn [Zea mays; Philippines]. College, Laguna (Philippines).1986. 1 leaf..
Hassanein,-A.A.; Ali,-A.A. 1989.Some physiological aspects of Atrazine herbicide on Zea mays, Corchorus olitorius and Portulaca oleracea plant. 1.- Growth and hormonal effects. Annals-of Agricultural-Science,-Moshtohor Egypt). (Jun 1989). v. 27(2) p. 979-995. Issued 1991..
Hassanein,-A.A.; Ali,-A.A. 1989. Some physiological aspects of Atrazine herbicide on Zea mays, Corchorus olitorius and portulaca oleracea plants. 2.- Metabolic effects. Annals-of-Agricultural Science,-Moshtohor Egypt). (Jun 1989). v. 27(2) p. 997-1012. Issued 1991..
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Katalinic,-M. 1989.Oxyfluorfen for weed control in gladioli (Gladiolus hybridus) and oxadiazon for weed control in gypsophila (Gypsophila paniculata). Zastita-bilja Yugoslavia). (1989). v. 40(188) p. 217-221..
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Masabni,-J.G.; Zandstra,-B.H.; Yerkes,-C.N.; Weller,-S.C. 1996. Linuron resistance in Portulaca oleracea. Proceedings: Second international weed control congress, 2. Slagelse (Denmark). SP. 1996. p. 571-575..
Mitich,-L.W.; Smith,-N.L.; Kyser,-G.B. 1988. Evaluation of postemergence herbicide treatments in field corn. Research-progress-report-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science USA). (1988). p. 246 247. .
Mitich,-L.W.; Smith,-N.L. 1986. Evaluation of postemergence herbicides in field corn. Res-Prog Rep-West-Soc-Weed-Sci.S.l.] : Western Society of Weed Science. 1986. p. 134-135..
Mitich,-L.W.; Smith,-N.L.; Kyser,-G.B. 1988. Evaluation of postemergence herbicide treatments in field corn. Res-Prog-Rep-West-Soc-Weed-Sci.S.l.] : The Society. 1988. p. 246-247..
Mitich,-L.W.; Duey,-M.S.; Smith,-N.L. 1987. Evaluation of postemergence herbicides in field corn. Res-Prog-Rep-West-Soc-Weed-Sci.S.l.] : Western Society of Weed Science. 1987. p. 203 204..
Mitich,-L.W.; Smith,-N.L. 1986. Evaluation of preplant incorporated herbicides in field corn. Res-Prog-Rep-West-Soc-Weed-Sci.S.l.] : Western Society of Weed Science. 1986. p. 132-133..
Mitich,-L.W.; Ronocoroni,-J.A.; Kyser,-G.B. 1992. Comparison of herbicides in field corn under conventional cultivation and noncultivated regimes. Res-Prog-Rep-West-Soc-Weed Sci.S.l.] : The Society. 1992. p. III/89..
Mitich,-L.W.; Roncoroni,-J.A.; Kyser,-G.B. 1992. Comparison of early and late application of pyridate and atrazine in field corn. Res-Prog-Rep-West-Soc-Weed-Sci.S.l.] : The Society. 1992. p. III/88..
Mullen,-R.J.; Orr,-J.P.; Verdegaal,-P. 1988. A layby-incorporated weed control trial in processing tomatoes. Res-Prog-Rep-West-Soc-Weed-Sci.S.l.] : The Society. 1988. p. 133..
Ohr,-H.D.; Sims,-J.J.; Grech,-N.M.; Becker,-J.O.; McGiffen,-M.E.-Jr. 1996. Methyl iodide, an ozone-safe alternative to methyl bromide as a soil fumigant. Plant-dis.St. Paul, Minn., American Phytopathological Society]. July 1996. v. 80 (7) p. 731-735..
Paraoan,-L.C.; Solsoloy,-A.D. 1996. Effect of the formulated Jatropha product on selected cotton weeds. Philippine-Journal-of-Crop-Science Philippines). (May 1996). v. 21(Supplement no. 1) p. 16. Issued Jun 1996..
Pongponratin,-P. 1983. DOWCD 453, a new post-emergence selective herbicide for broadleaf crops in Thailand. National Science and Technology Authority, Bicutan, Taguig, Metro Manila (Philippines);Philippine Tobacco Research and Training Center, College, Laguna. Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society. Taguig, Metro Manila (Philippines). 1983. p. 389-400. Received Feb 1984..
Royo,-J.B.; Sola,-D.; Gonzalez,-J.; Iribarren,-M.J. 1991. [Behaviour of preemergence herbicides in fruit tree nursery]. Sociedad Espanola de Malherbologia, Madrid (Spain).Proceedings of 1991 Meeting of Weed Control Spanish Society, Cordoba, December 11-12 1991]. Madrid (Spain). SEM. 1991. p. 246-249..
Salazar-P,-L.C.; Batista,-E. 1994.[Trial with herbicides for weed control in rice].Universidad de Panama, Panama (Panama).Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. [Agricultural investigations 1984 1988]. Investigaciones agropecuarias 1984-1988. Panama (Panama). Imprenta Universitaria. 1994. p. 14-16. .
Sancho-M,-G.; Gamboa-H,-C.; Sisco-O,-C.J.1991.[Chemical weeds control in a mango plant nursery (Mangifera indica) cv. Jamaica]. Boletin-Tecnico-Estacion-Experimental-Fabio-Baudrit M.Costa Rica). (Jun 1991). v. 24(2) p. 10-19..
Sanok,-W.J.; Sieczka,-J.B.; Creighton,-J.F. 1981. Herbicide evaluation in tomatoes Metribuzin, Echinochloa crus-galli, Digitaria sanguinalis, Portulaca oleracea, Galinsoga ciliata. Proc-Annu Meet-Northeast-Weed-Sci-Soc.Beltsville, Md., The Society. p. 160-162. p. 160-162. .
Sanok,-W.J.; Sieczka,-J.B.; Creighton,-J.F.1981. Herbicide evaluation in cabbage on Long Island for control of Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Chenopodium album, Portulaca oleracea. Proc-Annu-Meet-Northeast-Weed-Sci-Soc.Beltsville, Md., The Society. p. 172-174. p. 172-174. .
Selleck,-G-W; Sanok,-W-J. 1978. Herbicide candidates for weed control [Echinochloa crusgalli, pineapple weed Matricaria matricroides, purslane Portulaca oleracea] in onions. Proc-Annu-Meet Northeast-Weed-Sci-Soc, 1978, 32d: 134-137. .
Selleck,-G.W.; Creighton,-J.F.; Sanok,-W.J. 1980. Herbicide trials in cabbage--a three-year summary [control of, Echinochloa crus-galli, Digitaria sanquinalis, Portulaca oleracea]. Proc Annu-Meet-Northeast-Weed-Sci-Soc.Beltsville, Md., The Society. 1980. v. 34 p. 195-198. ill. .
Spirescu,-C. 1989. Researches on the weeds chemical control in the bell pepper crops on the irrigated sands in Southern Oltenia [Romania]. Lucrari-stiintifice.-Statiunea-centrala-de-cercetari pentru-cultura-plantelor-pe-nisipuri-Dabuleni Romania). (1989). v. 7 p. 263-271. Anniversary volume 1959-1989..
Stacewicz-Sapuncakis,-M; Vengris,-J; Marsh,-H-V; Jennings,-P-H; Robinson,-T. 1973. Response of common purslane to dicamba. [Portulaca oleracea] Weed-Sci, Sept 1973, 21 (5): 385 389. Ref. .
Tadros,-M.S.; Saad,-A.S.A. 1979. Diethyl-ethyl, a pre-emergence herbicide for corn in Egypt [Chenopodium ambrisoides, Corchorus olitorius, Melilotus indicus, Phragmites communis, Portulaca oleracea, Echinochloa colonum; control, Zea mais, Antor, Atrazine]. Internationaal Symposium-over-Fytofarmacie-en-Fytiatrie Belgium). Rijksuniversiteit Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Gent. (1979). v. 32(pt.2) p. 751-757..
Urwin,-C.P.; Wilson,-R.G.; Mortensen,-D.A.1996. Late season weed suppression from dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars.Weed-technol.Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America. Oct/Dec 1996. v. 10 (4) p.699-704..
Vangessel,-M.J.; Renner,-K.A. 1990. Effect of soil type, hilling time, and weed interference on potato (Solanum tuberosum) development and yield. Weed-Technol-J-Weed-Sci-Soc Am.Champaign, Ill. : The Society. Apr/June 1990. v. 4 (2) p. 299-305..
Wilson,-R.G. 1995. Effect of imazethapyr on perennial grasses.Weed-technol.Lawrence, Kans. : The Weed Science Society of America. Jan/Mar 1995. v. 9 (1) p.187-191..
Yu,-R.T.; Baltazar,-A.M. 1986. Note: evaluation of bentazon for control of Portulaca oleraceae in cucumber (Cucumis sativus)[Philippines]. Philippine-Journal-of-Weed-Science Philippines). (Oct 1986). v. 13 p. 87-92. Issued Dec 1986..
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11. Management: Cultivation
Blancaver,-M.E.A. 1995. Development and evaluation of practical control action indicators in corn weed management. Pest Management Council of the Philippines, Inc., College, Laguna (Philippines).PMCP 26th anniversary and annual scientific meeting: proceedings. [1995]. p. 102. Received Jun 1996. .
Cano-Morales,-E.E. 1988. Determination of the critical period of interference of weeds
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Chacon-Cordon,-S.O. 1987. Determination of the critical period of interference of weeds in the cultivation of onion (Allium cepa L.) at Barcena, Villa Nueva [Guatemala]. Guatemala (Guatemala).1987. 33 p..
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Miyanishi,-K.; Cavers,-P.B. 1981. Effects of hoeing and rototilling on some aspects of the population dynamics of pure stands of Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane). Weed-Res.Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications. Apr 1981. v. 21 (2) p. 47-58. ill. .
Mohler,-C.L.; Callaway,-M.B. 1995. Effects of tillage and mulch on weed seed production and seed banks in sweet corn. Journal-of-Applied-Ecology United Kingdom). (1995). v. 32(3) p. 627 639..
Navarez,-D.C.; Castin,-E.M.; Moody,-K. 1987. Effect of frequent cultivation on Rottboellia cochinchinensis density [Philippines]. International-Rice-Research-Newsletter Philippines). (Aug 1987). v. 12(4) p. 45-46. Issued Sep 1987..
12. Management: Mulch
Kim,-J.I.; Kang,-C.K.; Oh,-S.M.; Lee,-H.S. 1986. Studies on the weed control and phytotoxicity of herbicides under polyethylene film mulching in the sesame upland. Research Reports-of-the-Rural-Development-Administration-Plant-Environment,-Mycology-and-Farm Products-Utilization. Korea R.. (Dec 1986). v. 28(2) p. 72-78..
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13. Management: Alternative - Natural Compounds - Biological
Agamalian,-H.S. 1991. The utilization of nitrogen fertilizer solutions for selective weed control in crucifer crops. Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Weeds.1991. v. 2 p. 605-610..
Ahn,-J.W.; Kim,-J.S.; Cho,-K.Y.1989. The search for naturally occurring herbicidal compounds, 1; Screening search for herbicidal substances in higher plants. Korean-Journal-of-Weed-Science Korea R.). (Mar 1989). v. 9(1) p. 69-75..
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Banoc,-L.M.; Noriel,-L.M. 1992. Utilization of weed extracts for the control of golden snail (Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck). Philippine-Journal-of-Weed-Science Philippines). (Dec 1991). v. 18 p. 90-99. Issued Aug 1992..
Bewick,-T.A.; Shilling,-D.G.; Dusky,-J.A.; Williams,-D. 1994. Effects of celery (Apium graveolens) root residue on growth of various crops and weeds. Weed-technol.Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America. July/Sept 1994. v. 8 (3) p. 625-629.
Bingaman,-B.R.; Christians,-N.E. 1995. Greenhouse screening of corn gluten meal as a natural control product for broadleaf and grass weeds. HortScience.Alexandria, Va. : The American Society for Horticultural Science. Oct 1995. v. 30 (6) p.1256-1259..
Clement,-S.L.; Norris,-R.F. 1982. Two insects offer potential biological control of common purslane Portulaca oleracea, sawfly, Schizocerella pilicornis, weevil, Hypurus bertrandi. Calif Agric-Calif-Agric-Exp-Stn.Berkeley, Calif., The Station. Mar/Apr 1982. v. 36 (2/3) p. 16-18. ill.
Cruttwell-McFadyen,-R.E. 1994. Two new insects from Portulaca oleracea L. in Australia.
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Elshafie,-M. 1976. Nysius vinitor Berg. (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) infesting pigweed, Portulaca oleracea L. J-Entomol-Soc-Aust, Jan 14, 1976, 9: 54. .
Escandon,-M.C.; Calero,-R.; Garcia,-B.; Mendoza,-A. 1994. Application of two essential oils as herbicides in Cuba. Preliminary study. Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical "Alejandro de Humboldt".Summaries. 7. Jornada Cientifica. Ciudad de La Habana, Apr 1994. Ciudad de La Habana (Cuba). INIFAT-MINAG. 1994. p. 83..
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Gorske,-S-F; Hopen,-H-J; Randell,-R. 1977. Purslane sawfly [Schizocerella pilicornis, Portulaca oleracea, biological control]. Ill-Res, Summer 1977, 19 (3): 6-7. .
Gorske,-S-F; Sell,-D-K. 1976. Genetic differences among purslane sawfly [Schizocerella pilicornis] biotypes [Portulaca oleracea]. J-Hered, Sept/Oct 1976, 67 (5): 271-274. Ref. .
Gorske,-S-F; Hopen,-H-J; Randell,-R. 1977. Bionomics of the purslane [Portulaca oleracea] sawfly, Schizocerella pilicornis [Weed control]. Ann-Entomol-Soc-Am, Jan 17, 1977, 70 (1): 104-106. .
Gorske,-S-F; Hopen,-H-J; Randell,-R. 1976. Host specificity to the purslane sawfly [Schizocerella pilicornis] and its response to selected pesticides [Biological weed control, Portulaca oleracea, Montia perfoliata]. Hortsci, Dec 1976, 11 (6, pt.1): 580-582. .
Gorske,-S-F; Hopen,-H-J. 1978. Case of the purslane sawfly [for biological control of Portulaca oleracea and Montia perfoliata]. Am-Veg-Grow, Aug 1978, 26 (8): 14-15. .
Gorske,-S.F.; Maddox,-J.V. 1978. A microsporidium, Nosema pilicornis sp. n., of the purslane sawfly, Schizocerella pilicornis Biological control of Portulaca oleracea in ornamental and orchard crops. J-Invertebr-Pathol.New York Nov 1978. v. 32 (3) p. 235-243. ill. .
Grieve,-C.-M; Suarez,-D.-L. 1997. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.): a halophytic crop for drainage water reuse systems. Plant-and-Soil.v. 192 no2 May '97 p. 277-83.
Heald,-C-M; Menges,-R-M; Wayland,-J-R. 1974. Efficacy of ultra-high frequency (UHF) electromagnetic energy and soil fumigation on the control of the reniform nematode [Rotylenchulus reniformis] and common purslane [Portulaca oleracea] among southern peas. Plant-Dis-Rep, Nov 1974, 58 (11): 985-987. .
Hong,-M.K.; Jeong,-Y.H.; Hong,-J.U. 1988. Development of Botanical fungicide on japanese apple canker. 1. Isolation of antifungal compound from plants.The-Research-Reports-of-the Rural-Development-Administration-Crop-Protection Korea R.). (Dec 1988). v. 30(3) p. 24-30..
Kim,-K.W. 1994. Identification of phytotoxins produced by Drechslera portulacae, a pathogen of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea)-(2)-Isolation of zeaenol and its herbicidal activity. Korean-Journal of-Weed-Science Korea Republic). (Sep 1994). v. 14(3) p. 192-198.
Klisiewicz,-J.M. 1985. Growth and reproduction of Dichotomophthora portulacae and its biological activity on purslane. Plant-Dis.St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society. Sept 1985. v. 69 (9) p. 761-762..
Lee,-H.R.; Heo,-N.Y; Shin,-Y.H. 1988. Control efficacy of selected botanical resources on the major diseases and insect pests. Research-Reports-of-Agricultural-Science-Chungbuk-National University Korea Republic). (Dec 1988).v. 6(2) p.186-192..
Mahal,-M.S.; Dilawari,-V.K. 1979. Natural control of the weed, Portulaca oleracea Linn. Indian J-Ecol.Ludhiana, Indian Ecological Society. July 1979. v. 6 (2) p. 120-121. 2 plates. .
Martin,-C.; Michel,-F.; Dubois,-M. 1996. Integrated weed management of Cyperus rotundus and Portulaca oleracea for vegetable's growing soils. Association Nationale de Protection des Plantes, Paris (France).10. International symposium on the biology of weeds. September 11-13 1996, Dijon (France). ANPP. 1996. p. 327-333..
Molnar,-J.; Laszlo,-I. 1989. Experiences of weed control experiments in berry fruit stands (Lapsella bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus, Echinochloagrus-galli, Matricaria inodora, Portulaca oleracea). Novenyvedelem (Hungary).1989). v. 25(1) p. 26-31..
Noriel,-L.M. 1989. Endogenous pesticides from ten common weed species in the
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