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4.14.98 | kochiabiblio.html

Kochia (Kochia spp.) Biology Outline & Bibliography

Prepared by: Will Mullenix, April 1998
WillMulnix1.JPG (76849 bytes)

This review concerns the kochia species-group including kochia scoparia, kochia prostrata, kochia americana, and kochia indica. As with all weedy species the kochia species-group exhibits much variability in its various characteristics. The review is subdivided into three sections Biology, Seeds, and Management. Related articles are found within each titled section in the bibliography.

A. Biology

1. History

Kochia scoparia originally was introduced into Texas as an ornamental. It was planted as a border on gardens. It since has spread and is now present in both crop and noncrop areas.

2. Speciation

Another group of related individuals exists only in desert areas. They are kochia prostrata, kochia americana, and kochia indica. All are perennial half shrubs that are also specialized to exist in saline-alkali conditions. Polyploidy has been found in all members of the species group and male sterility has been found in kochia prostrata.

3. Reproduction

The kochia species group includes kochia scoparia, which is an annual, and kochia prostrata, kochia americana and kochia indica which are all perennials. All species are herbaceous dicots reproducing by seed. Reproduction can be by self- pollination and outcrossing. Kochia scoparia typically produces from 13 - 15,000 seeds per plant.

Flowering

Kochia scoparia flowers are small, green and apelatous and are found in clusters in the axils of upper leaves and in terminal spikes. Kochia scoparia is a short day plant, 13 - 15 hrs is the critical light period. There is variability in the onset of flowering; some of the earliest selections of kochia scoparia have been found that set seed before small grain harvest which enables it to be highly competitive with small grain crops.

5. Anatomy

Kochia scoparia plants typically possess a bushy growth habit. Leaves are linear to narrowly lanceolate, alternate, hairy and sessile. Plants from western areas are more hairy and have shorter leaves.

B. Seeds

1. Kochia scoparia is a small seeded species. Seeds are typically 1/16" in diameter, oval, flattened and grooved on each side. As mentioned previously plants typically produce 13 – 15,000 seeds per plant.

2. Germination: Kochia scoparia is a cold tolerant species. Optimum germination occurs between 5 and 25 C for kochia scoparia and 15 - 25 C for kochia prostrata. Seedlings also exhibit some level of frost tolerance. Kochia is a halophyte and exhibits normal germination in saline - alkali conditions. It will germinate normally from 2 - 8 pH. It is also tolerant of moisture stress during germination. In kochia scoparia gemination is not affected by autotoxicity of phytotoxins. The early germination gives kochia an advantage in winter annual cropping systems and it is a disadvantage in spring cropping systems where tillage is used.

3. Dispersal: Wind dispersed tumbleweed characteristic is the method of seed distribution in kochia scoparia. In autumn an abscission zone develops at the base of the plant. This zone is the result of gradual loss of stem flexibility and subsequent increased brittleness. These factors are related to the amount and distribution of capillary water in the plant. The capillary water acts as an energy absorbing device allowing the abscission zone to absorb wind generated forces without sustaining tissue injury, thus as capillary water decreases in the fall the abscission zone becomes more brittle. History indicates that kochia scoparia was initially introduced into Texas as an ornamental crop. With the tumbleweed characteristic and the windy nature of the plains kochia scoparia spread throughout the plains states Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, the Dakotas and into Canada. Kochia spread was rapid during the 1930s, which were the "Dust Bowl" years when extensive hot and dry conditions persisted. Kochia also exists at points in the eastern Corn Belt but it is less of a factor in these regions, which will be discussed later.

4. Dormancy: Very little dormancy has been found with kochia scoparia; 5% after 1 year, 0% after 2 years. This has been shown to be a major factor in the appearance of herbicide resistant individuals within the population. This is discussed in the herbicide resistance section.

C. Management

1. Competition: Kochia scoparia is a very competitive species. It reduces crop yield most under dry conditions. It produces more dry matter under dry conditions than under medium or wet conditions. Kochia scoparia roots were found to a depth of 16 ft. when in competition with a sorghum crop. Kochia scoparia is highly plastic in its growth form. Normally plants are bushy and 2 – 3 ft. tall but under competitive conditions plants can reach 7 – 8 ft. in height. Kochia suffers more from intra rather than inter-specific competition. Phtotoxins have been shown to reduce the growth and competitiveness between kochia seedlings.

2. Herbicide Control and Herbicide Resistance: Since kochia scoparia exihibits little seed dormancy when a population is repeatedly treated with a single mode of action or herbicide the resistant individuals will make up a larger percentage of the population sooner than compared to a species that has more seed dormancy. In this way kochia scoparia maintains the most recent successful genotype as a major component of the population. Generally kochia scoparia is suscetible to broadleaf herbicides such as 2,4-D and Banvel but variability exists in tolerance to all herbicides and some individuals have shown tolerance and resistance to these and other herbicides. Kochia scoparia has been found to be resistant to both triazine and sulfonylurea herbicides. Triazine resistant biotypes has exhibited reduced fitness but sulfonylurea resistant biotypes do not show reduced fitness. Because kochia emerges early some individuals can be at or above the maximum size guidelines expressed by most herbicide labels when herbicides are applied. This is a factor in whether or not an individual can tolerate a herbicide application. Rotation of herbicide mode of action and timely treatment are the best management practices.

3. Kochia as a Forage: All species in the species-group can be utilized as forage for livestock. The nutritive value is high if plants are harvested timely. This is especially useful for the desert shrub species which potentially can be productive in a harsh environment. Due to the herbicide tolerance in kochia scoparia as well as its halophytic nature makes it a candidate for reclamation of coal mined areas. Herbicide resistant biotypes of kochia scoparia show promise in facilitating the bioremediation of chemically contaminated soils.

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Thompson,-C.R.; Thill,-D.C.; Mallory-Smith,-C.A.; Shafii,-B. Characterization of chlorsulfuron resistant and susceptible kochia (Kochia scoparia). Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Jul-Sep 1994). v. 8(3) p. 470-476.

Thompson,-C.R.; Thill,-D.C.; Shafii,-B. Growth and competitiveness of sulfonylurea-resistant and -susceptible kochia (Kochia scoparia). Weed-science (USA). (Apr-Jun 1994). v. 42(2) p. 172-179.

Thompson,-C.R.; Thill,-D.C.; Shafii,-B. Germination characteristics of sulfonylurea-resistant and -susceptible kochia (Kochia scoparia). Weed-science (USA). (Jan-Mar 1994). v. 42(1) p. 50-56.

Tukhtaev,-A.S.; Khasanov,-O.Kh. Temperature regime of Kochia prostrata and Ceratoides eversmanniana under dryland farming and irrigation Forage plants, Fergana valley. Uzb-Biol-Zh. Tashkent, U.S.S.R., Fan. 1982. (6) p. 26-28. ill.

Tukhtaev,-A.S. Effect of high temperature and dehydration on cellular heat tolerance in certain desert subshrubs [Kochia prostrata, Ceratoides eversmanniana, adaptation]. Sov-J-Ecol. New York : Consultants Bureau. Jan Feb 1983. v. 14 (1) p. 28-32.

Turganova,-T-A Results of a study of a collection of Kochia prostrata in the northern Aral area [Phenology, hardiness, biochemistry] Biull-Vses-Ord-Lenina-Inst-Rastenievod-Im-N-I-Vavilova, 1974, 42: 41-50.

Vinton,-M.A.; Burke,-I.C. Interactions between individual plant species and soil nutrient status in shortgrass steppe. Ecology. Washington, D.C. : Ecological Society of America. June 1995. v. 76 (4) p. 1116-1133.

Voronin,-P.Yu.; Manzhulin,-A.V. Effect of dark respiration on the carboxylation rate in Kochia leaves under light. Sov-Plant-Physiol. New York, N.Y. : Consultants Bureau. Sept 1991. v. 38 (2,pt.1) p. 169-174.

Voronin,-P.Yu.; Manzhulin,-A.V.; Zhivukhina,-N.A. Dimorphism of chloroplasts from mesophyll and sheath cells of the mature Kochia leaf. Sov-Plant-Physiol. New York, N.Y. : Consultants Bureau. Jan 1992. v. 38 (4,pt.1) p. 489-497.

Waller,-S.S.; Britton,-C.M.; Schmidt,-D.K.; Stubbendieck,-J.; Sneva,-F.A. Germination characteristics of two varieties of Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad. Drought resistant, salt tolerant, winterhardy forage, arid and semiarid regions. J-Range-Manage. Denver : Society for Range Management. Mar 1983. v. 36 (2) p. 242-245. ill.

Weiner,-J.; Fishman,-L. Competition and allometry in Kochia scoparia. Annals-of-Botany (United Kingdom). (1994). v. 73(3) p. 263-271.

Wrage,-L.J. Spring wheat weeds. Field-Facts-Soils-Insects-Dis-Weeds-Crops-S-D-State-Univ-Coop-Ext-Serv-Plant-Sci-Dep. Brookings, S.D. : The Department. Mar 4, 1987. v. 2 (1) p. 2.

Wulff, H.D. 1939. Die polysomatie der chenopodiaceen. Planta. 26:275-290.

Zakhar'iants,-I-L; Oshanina,-N-P; Sabirov,-B-S Effect of the moisture deficit on carbohydrate metabolism of desert plants. [Kochia, Salsola, Haloxylon] Uz-Biol-Zhur, 1972, 6: 32-35.

Zakirov,-A.K. Photosynthetic productivity of unirrigated stands of [the forage plants] Ceratoides eversmaniana (Stschgl. ex Zosinsk., Botsch. et Ikonn.) and Kochia prostrada (L.) Schrad. subsp. grisea Prat in the Fergana low foothills. Uzb-Biol-Zh. Tashkent, Fan. 1979. (3) p. 31-33.

Zeroni,-M; Hollander,-E; Arzee,-T Abscission in the tumbleweed Kochia indica: ethylene, cellulase, and anatomical structure Bot-Gaz, Sept 1978, 139 (3): 299-305.

Zhang,-N.; Chaisattapagon,-C. Effective criteria for weed identification in wheat fields using machine vision. Trans-ASAE. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers 1958-. May June 1995. v. 38 (3) p. 965-974.

Zorner,-P.S.; Zimdahl,-R.L.; Schweizer,-E.E. Effect of depth and duration of seed burial on Kochia (Kochia scoparia) [Colorado]. Weed-Sci. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America. Sept 1984. v. 32 (5) p. 602-607.

Seeds

Anonymous. Effect of harvest date and drying procedures on germination of Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad. Range management, revegetation of rangelands. Spec-Rep-Oreg-Agric-Exp-Stn. Corvallis June 1979. (549)

Balian,-G-A Methods of introduction of Kochia prostrata in Kirghizia [Forage plant] In Genetika i selektsiia sel'skokhoziaistvennykh rastenii i Zhivotnykh v Kirgizii. M. N. Lushchikhina, ed. 1977, p. 44-50.

Ball,-D.A.; Miller,-S.D. Weed seed population response to tillage and herbicide use in three irrigated cropping sequences. Weed-science (USA). (Nov 1990). v. 38(6) p. 511-517.

Batyrshin,-A-G; Soldatov,-V-T [Machine] cleaning of seeds of the prostrate summercypress [Kochia prostrata] [for improvement of pastures in desert and semidesert zones] Mek-Elektrif-Sotsialistichesk-Sel'sk-Khoz, Mar 1976, 3: 49-50.

Blackshaw,-R.E.; Rode,-L.M. Effect of ensiling and rumen digestion by cattle on weed seed viability. Weed-science (USA). (Jan-Mar 1991). v. 39(1) p. 104-108.

Briede,-J.W.; McKell,-C.M. Germination of seven perennial arid land species, subjected to soil moisture stress. Journal-of-Arid-Environments (United Kingdom). (1992). v. 23(3) p. 263-270.

Clarke,-L-D; West,-N-E Germination of Kochia americana in relation to salinity J-Range-Manage, July 1969, 22 (4): 286-287.

Dyer,-W.E.; Chee,-P.W.; Fay,-P.K. Rapid germination of sulfonylurea-resistant Kochia seoparia L. accessions is associated with elevated seed levels of branched chain amino acids. Weed-science (USA). (Jan-Mar 1993). v. 41(1) p. 18-22.

Everitt,-J.H.; Alaniz,-M.A.; Lee,-J.B. Seed germination characteristics of Kochia scoparia [Highly palatable, nutritious, and productive forage species]. Journal-of-Range-Management (USA). (Sep 1983). v. 36(5) p. 646-648.

Golovchenko,-S-G; Makhamadzhanov,-I Effect of freezing on vitamin P activity of seeds of Kochia prostrata which rapidly loose germinating ability when stored Akad-Nauk-Uz-SSR-Dokl, 1972, 3: 51-52.

Haferkamp,-M.R.; Ganskopp,-D.C.; Marietta,-K.L.; Knap,-B.W. Environmental influences on germination of utricles and seedling establishment of 'immigrant' forage kochia. Journal-of-range-management (USA). (Nov 1990). v. 43(6) p. 518-522.

Istamov,-Kh.I. Use of Kochia prostrata seeds in a preliminary test on environmental mutagens. Soviet-Genetics (USA). (1979). v. 14(8) p. 1044-1045.

Johnson,-D.W.; Krall,-J.M.; Delaney,-R.H.; Thiel,-D.S. Response of seed of 10 weed species to Fresnel-lens-concentrated solar radiation. Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Jan-Mar 1990). v. 4(1) p. 109-114.

Khatri,-R.; Sethi,-V.; Kaushik,-A. Inter-population variations of Kochia indica during germination under different stresses. Ann-Bot. London : Academic Press. May 1991. v. 67 (5) p. 413-415.

Lodhi,-M.A.K. Germination and decreased growth of Kochia scoparia in relation to its autoallelopathy. Can-J-Bot. Ottawa May 15, 1979. v. 57 (10) p. 1083-1088.

Mahmood,-K.; Malik,-K.A.; Lodhi,-M.A.K.; Sheikh,-K.H. Seed germination and salinity tolerance in plant species growing on saline wastelands. Biologia-Plantarum (Czech Republic). (Jun 1996). v. 38(2) p. 309-315.

Monsen,-S.B.; Turnipseed,-D. Seeding forage kochia onto cheatgrass-infested rangelands. General-technical-report-INT-U.S.-Department-of-Agriculture,-Forest-Service,-Intermountain-Research-Station (USA). (Nov 1990). (no. 276) p. 66-71.

Mulugeta,-D.; Maxwell,-B.D.; Fay,-P.K.; Dyer,-W.E. Kochia (Kochia scoparia) pollen dispersion, viability and germination. Weed-science (USA). (Oct-Dec 1994). v. 42(4) p. 548-552.

Ning-Bu; Bao-Laixiao Study on seed vitality testing of several herbage [Medicago sativa, Elymus sibiricus, Hedysarum fruticosum, Kochia prostrata] with ATP method. Grassland-of-China (China). (Jul 1990). (no. 4) p. 62-63.

Romo,-J.T.; Haferkamp,-M.R. Forage kochia germination response to temperature, water stress, and specific ions. Agronomy-journal (USA). (Jan-Feb 1987). v. 79(1) p. 27-30.

Shafi,-B.; Price,-W.J.; Swensen,-J.B.; Murray,-G.A. Nonlinear estimation of growth curve models for germination data analysis. Proceedings-of-the...-Kansas-State-University-conference-on-applied-statistics-in-agriculture (USA). (1991). p. 19-42.

Thompson,-C.R.; Thill,-D.C.; Shafii,-B. Germination characteristics of sulfonylurea-resistant and -susceptible kochia (Kochia scoparia). Weed-science (USA). (Jan-Mar 1994). v. 42(1) p. 50-56.

Waller,-S.S.; Schmidt,-D.K.; Stubbendieck,-J.L.; Britton,-C.M.; Sneva,-F.A. Effect of harvest date and drying procedures on germination of Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad. [Range management, revegetation of rangelands]. Special-Report-Oregon-Agricultural-Experiment-Station (USA). (Jun 1979). (no. 549) p. 8-10.

Waller,-S.S.; Britton,-C.M.; Schmidt,-D.K.; Stubbendieck,-J.; Sneva,-F.A. Germination characteristics of two varieties of Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad. [Drought resistant, salt tolerant, winterhardy forage, arid and semiarid regions]. Journal-of-Range-Management (USA). (Mar 1983). v. 36(2) p. 242-245.

Wrage,-L.J.; Johnson,-P.O. Winter wheat kochia screening. Plant-science-pamphlet-Plant-Science-Department,-Agricultural-Experiment-Station,-South-Dakota-State-University (USA). (Jan 1989). (no. 16) p. 38-39.

Young,-J.A.; Evans,-R.A.; Stevens,-R.; Everett,-R.L. Germination of Kochia prostrata seed. Agronomy-Journal (USA). (Nov-Dec 1981). v. 73(6) p. 957-961.

Zeroni,-M.; Hollander,-E.; Arzee,-T. Abscission in the tumbleweed Kochia indica: ethylene, cellulase, and anatomical structure. Botanical-Gazette (USA). (Sep 1978). v. 139(3) p. 299-305.

Zorner,-P.S.; Zimdahl,-R.L.; Schweizer,-E.E. Effect of depth and duration of seed burial on Kochia (Kochia scoparia) [Colorado]. Weed-Science (USA). (Sep 1984). v. 32(5) p. 602-607.

Management: Competition

Anderson,-R.L. Kochia infestation levels in proso millet as affected by planting date. Res-Prog-Rep-West-Soc-Weed-Sci. [S.l.] : The Society. 1988. p. 292-293.

Baloch,-G.M.; Ghaffar,-A.; Goraya,-A.A.; Mohyuddin,-A.I. Investigation on the insect enemies of Chenopodium spp. and Kochia spp. in Pakistan. Agriculture Research Conference, 1981. Abstract of Papers. Islamabad (Pakistan). PARC. 1981. p. 48-51.

Barker,-S; Lange,-R-T Effects of moderate sheep stocking on plant populations of a Rabbimov,-A.; Ionis,-Y. Structure of populations of Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad. var. virescens by indications of economic value. Problems-of-desert-development (USA). (1984). (no. 2) p. 69-73.

Dotzenko,-A-D; Arp,-A-L Yield response of sugarbeets under various light intensities as influenced by Kochia [scoparia] density Amer-Soc-Sugar-Beet-Technol-J, July 1971, 16 (6): 479-481.

Durgan,-B.R.; Dexter,-A.G.; Miller,-S.D. Kochia (Kochia scoparia) interference in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Jan-Mar 1990). v. 4(1) p. 52-56.

Einhellig,-F.A.; Schon,-M.K. Noncompetitive effects of Kochia scoparia on grain sorghum and soybeans [weed effects]. Canadian-Journal-of-Botany (Canada). (1982). v. 60(12) p. 2923-2930.

Franco,-M.; Harper,-J.L. Competition and the formation of spatial pattern in spacing gradients: an example using Kochia scoparia. J-Ecol. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific. Dec 1988. v. 76 (4) p. 959-974.

Harman,-W.L.; Michels,-G.J.; Wiese,-A.F. A conservation tillage system for profitable cotton production in the central Texas high plains. Agronomy-journal (USA). (Jul-Aug 1989). v. 81(4) p. 615-618.

Inserra,-R.N.; Di-Vito,-M.; Ferris,-H. Influence of Nacobbus aberrans densities on growth of sugarbeet and kochia in pots. J-Nematol. Raleigh, N.C. : Society of Nematologists. Oct 1984. v. 16 (4) p. 393-395.

Karachi,-M.; Pieper,-R.D. Allelopathic effects of kochia on blue grama. Journal-of-range-management (USA). (Jul 1987). v. 40(4) p. 380-381.

Macharia,-C.; Peffley,-E.B. Suppression of Amaranthus spinosus and Kochia scoparia: evidence of competition or allelopathy in Allium fistulosum. Crop-prot. Oxford : Butterworths-Heinemann Ltd. Mar 1995. v. 14 (2) p. 155-158.

Manthey,-F.A.; Hareland,-G.A.; Zollinger,-R.K.; Huseby,-D.J. Kochia (Kochia scoparia) interference with oat (Avena sativa). Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Jul-Sep 1996). v. 10(3) p. 522-525.

McArthur,-E.D.; Blauer,-A.C.; Stevens,-R. Forage Kochia competition with cheatgrass in central Utah. Gen-Tech-Rep-INT-U-S-Dep-Agric-For-Serv-Intermt-Res-Stn. Ogden, Utah : The Station. Nov 1990. (276) p. 56-65.

Mesbah,-A.; Miller,-S.D.; Fornstrom,-K.J.; Legg,-D.E. Kochia (Kochia scoparia) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis) interference in sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris). Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Oct-Dec 1994). v. 8(4) p. 754-759.

Salhoff,-C.R.; Martin,-A.R. Kochia scoparia growth response to triazine herbicides. Weed-Sci. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America. Jan 1986. v. 34 (1) p. 40-42. ill.Karachi,-M.; Pieper,-R.D. Allelopathic effects of kochia on blue grama. J-Range-Manage. Denver, Colo. : Society for Range Management. July 1987. v. 40 (4) p. 380-381.

Schweizer,-E-E Predicting sugarbeet root losses based on Kochia [Weed competition] densities Weed-Sci, Nov 1973, 21 (6): 565-567.

Schweizer,-E.E. Broadleaf weed interference in sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris) [Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Kochia scoparia]. Weed-Science (USA). (Jan 1981). v. 29(1) p. 128-133.

Shakhanov,-E.Sh.; Sagimbaev,-R.R. Spontaneous polyploidy in Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad. and its significance for classification and cultivation [Forage crop used for improvement of arid-zone rangeland]. Problems-of-desert-development (USA). (1982-1983). (no. 2) p. 57-60.

Shaw,-R.B.; Diersing,-V.E. Tracked vehicle impacts on vegetation at the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, Colorado. Journal-of-environmental-quality (USA). (Apr-Jun 1990). v. 19(2) p. 234-243.

Smith,-L.J.; Dewey,-S.; Thill,-D.; Gallihan,-B. Kochia scoparia, a serious crop pest and potential threat to Idaho's livestock. Nov 1983. 2 p.Current information series - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Idaho (USA). no. 722.

Stevens,-R.; McArthur,-E.D. Immigrant forage kochia competition with halogeton following various seeding techniques. General-technical-report-INT-U.S.-Department-of-Agriculture,-Forest-Service,-Intermountain-Research-Station (USA). (Nov 1990). (no. 276) p. 175-180.

Thompson,-C.R.; Thill,-D.C.; Shafii,-B. Growth and competitiveness of sulfonylurea-resistant and -susceptible kochia (Kochia scoparia). Weed-sci. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America. Apr June 1994. v. 42 (2) p. 172-179.

Weatherspoon,-D-M; Schweizer,-E-E Competition between Kochia and sugarbeets. [Weeds, Kochia scoparia] Weed-Sci, Oct 1969, 17 (4): 464-467.

Weatherspoon,-D-M; Schweizer,-E-E Competition between sugarbeets and five densities of Kochia Weed-Sci, Mar 1971, 19 (2): 125-128.

Weiner,-J.; Fishman,-L. Competition and allometry in Kochia scoparia. Annals-of-Botany (United Kingdom). (1994). v. 73(3) p. 263-271.

Weiner,-J.; Wright,-D.B.; Castro,-S. Symmetry of below-ground competition between Kochia scoparia individuals. Oikos (Denmark). (May 1997). v. 79(1) p. 85-91.

Wicks,-G.A.; Mahnken,-G.W.; Hanson,-G.E. Influence of small grain crops on weeds and ecofallow corn (Zea mays). Weed-sci. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America. Jan Mar 1995. v. 43 (1) p. 128-133.

Wicks,-G.A.; Martin,-D.A.; Mahnken,-G.W. Cultural practices in wheat (Triticum aestivum), on weeds in subsequent fallow and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Weed-science (USA). (Jul-Sep 1995). v. 43(3) p. 434-444.

Wiley,-R.B.; Schweizer,-E.E.; Ruppel,-E.G. Interaction of Kochia (Kochia scoparia) and Rhizopus sp. on sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) germination. Weed-science (USA). (Mar 1985). v. 33(2) p. 275-279.

Wilson,-A.M.; Hyder,-D.N.; Briske,-D.D. Drought resistance characteristics of blue grama [Bouteloua gracilis] seedlings [Water stress]. Agronomy-Journal (USA). (May 1976). v. 68(3) p. 479-484.

Wilson,-R.G. Effect of preplant tillage, post-plant cultivation, and herbicides on weed density in corn (Zea mays). Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Jul-Sep 1993). v. 7(3) p. 728-734.

Management: Herbicide Control

Ahrens,-W.H. Enhancement of soybean (Glycine max) injury and weed control by thifensulfuron-insecticide mixtures. Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Jul-Sep 1990). v. 4(3) p. 524-528.

Anderson,-R.L. Tolerance of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), corn (Zea mays), and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) to clomazone. Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Jul-Sep 1990). v. 4(3) p. 606-611.

Arnold,-R.N.; Gregory,-E.J.; Price,-W.J. Herbicide evaluations in pinto beans. Research-progress-report-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science (USA). (1986). p. 151-152.

Arnold,-R.N.; Gregory,-E.J.; Price,-W.J. Herbicide evaluations in field corn. Research-progress-report-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science (USA). (1986). p. 122-123.

Arnold,-R.N.; Gregory,-E.J.; Smeal,-D. Broadleaf weed control in field potatoes, 1987. Research-progress-report-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science (USA). (1988). p. 271-272.

Arnold,-R.N.; Gregory,-E.J.; Smeal,-D. Preplant incorporated herbicide evaluations in pinto beans. Research-progress-report-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science (USA). (1988). p. 219-220.

Arnold,-R.N.; Murray,-M.W.; Gregory,-E.J.; Smeal,-D. Weed control in pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) with imazethapyr combinations. Weed-technol. Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America. Apr June 1993. v. 7 (2) p. 361-364.

Ball,-D.A.; Miller,-S.D. Weed seed population response to tillage and herbicide use in three irrigated cropping sequences. Weed-science (USA). (Nov 1990). v. 38(6) p. 511-517.

Bell,-A-R; Nalewaja,-J-D; Schooler,-A-B Response of Kochia [scoparia] selections to 2,4-D,dicamba, and picloram Weed-Sci, Sept 1972, 20 (5): 458-462.

Bell,-A.R.; Walz,-A.W.; Joy,-D.N. Ecofallow and winter wheat weed control with UCC C4243. Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Weeds. 1991. v. 2 p. 807-812.

Blackshaw,-R.E. Russian thistle (Salsola iberica) and kochia (Kochia scoparia) control in dryland corn (Zea mays). Weed-Technol-J-Weed-Sci-Soc-Am. Champaign, Ill. : The Society. July Sept 1990. v. 4 (3) p. 631-634.

Blackshaw,-R.E.; Morrison,-R.J.; Henning-Muendel,-H.; Roth,-B.T. Weed control in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) with flurtamone. Weed-science (USA). (Jan-Mar 1992). v. 40(1) p. 110-114.

Blackshaw,-R.E.; Lynch,-D.R. Rimsulfuron selectively controls weeds in potatoes.. vol. 3. Brighton crop protection conference, weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 22-25 November 1993. Farnham (United Kingdom). British Crop Protection Council (BCPC). 1993. p. 1029-1034.

Blackshaw,-R.E.; Lynch,-D.R.; Entz,-T. Postemergence broadleaf weed control in potato (Solanum tuberosum) with rimsulfuron and HOE-075032. Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Apr-Jun 1995). v. 9(2) p. 228-235.

Blackshaw,-R.E.; Harker,-K.N. Growth stage and broadleaf herbicide effects on CGA184927 efficacy. Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Oct-Dec 1996). v. 10(4) p. 732-737.

Boydston,-R.A.; Al-Khatib,-K. DC X2-5309 improves control of Kochia with bromoxynil and bentazon. Proceedings-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science (USA). (1992). v. 45 p. 32-36.

Boydston,-R.A.; Al-Khatib,-K. DC X2-5309 organosilicone adjuvant improves control of kochia (Kochia scoparia) with bentazon and bromoxynil. Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Jan-Mar 1994). v. 8(1) p. 99-104.

Boydston,-R.A. Effect of tillage level and herbicides on weed control and yield of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) in the Pacific Northwest. Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Oct-Dec 1995). v. 9(4) p. 768-772.

Chodova,-D.; Mikulka,-J. Susceptibility of kochia (Kochia scoparia) to some herbicides. Ochrana-Rostlin-UZPI (Czech Republic). (Mar 1997). v. 33(2) p. 113-123.

Currie,-R. Comparisons of 64 herbicide tank mixes for kochia control in crusted soil in corn. Report-of-progress (Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station) (USA). (Aug 1995). (no. 739) p. 31-34.

Donald,-W.W.; Prato,-T. Profitable, effective herbicides for planting-time weed control in no-till spring wheat (Triticum aestivum). Weed-Sci. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America. Jan Mar 1991. v. 39 (1) p. 83-90.

Eberlein,-C.V.; Guttieri,-M.J.; Fletcher,-F.N. Broadleaf weed control of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) with postemergence directed herbicides. Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Apr-Jun 1993). v. 7(2) p. 298-303.

Friesen,-L.F.; Morrison,-I.N.; Rashid,-A.; Devine,-M.D. Response of a chlorsulfuron-resistant biotype of Kochia scoparia to sulfonylurea and alternative herbicides. Weed-science (USA). (Jan-Mar 1993). v. 41(1) p. 100-106.

Geier,-P.W.; Stahlman,-P.W. Dose-response of weeds and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) to MON 37500. Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Oct-Dec 1996). v. 10(4) p. 870-875.

Harman,-W.L.; Michels,-G.J.; Wiese,-A.F. A conservation tillage system for profitable cotton production in the central Texas high plains. Agron-J. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy. July Aug 1989. v. 81 (4) p. 615-618.

Johnson,-G.B.; Stroud,-D.J.; Gee,-T.L. Low rate tebuthiuron combinations for foxtail [Alopecurus] and Kochia control. Proceedings-of-the-Annual-Meeting-North-Central-Weed-Control-Conference (USA). (1976). v. 31 p. 122-124.

Johnston,-D.N.; Wood,-W.N. Kochia scoparia control on noncropland. Proceedings-of-the-Annual-Meeting-North-Central-Weed-Control-Conference (USA). (1976). v. 31 p. 126-128.

Kwon,-C.S.; Penner,-D. Response of a chlorsulfuron-resistant biotype of Kochia scoparia to ALS inhibiting herbicides and piperonyl butoxide. Weed-science (USA). (Oct-Dec 1995). v. 43(4) p. 561-565.

Manthey,-F.A.; Matysiak,-R.; Nalewaja,-J.D. Petroleum oil and emulsifier affect the phytotoxicity of imazethapyr. Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Jan-Mar 1992). v. 6(1) p. 81-84.

Miller,-S.D. Evaluation of preplant incorporated herbicides for weed control in new seeding alfalfa. Research-progress-report-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science (USA). (1986). p. 120.

Miller,-S.D. Evaluation of herbicides for broadleaf weed control in spring barley. Research-progress-report-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science (USA). (1986). p. 196-197.

Miller,-S.D. Evaluation of herbicide treatments in dormant alfalfa, Torrington. Res-Prog-Rep-West-Soc-Weed-Sci. [S.l.] : Western Society of Weed Science. 1986. p. 106.

Miller,-S.D. Evaluation of early preplant herbicide applications in corn, Powell. Res-Prog-Rep-West-Soc-Weed-Sci. [S.l.] : Western Society of Weed Science. 1986. p. 124.

Miller,-S.D. Evaluation of low volume 2,4-D applications in spring wheat. Res-Prog-Rep-West-Soc-Weed-Sci. [S.l.] : Western Society of Weed Science. 1986. p. 212.

Miller,-S.D. Broadleaf weed control in spring wheat. Res-Prog-Rep-West-Soc-Weed-Sci. [S.l.] : Western Society of Weed Science. 1986. p. 213.

Miller,-S.D. Evaluation of post harvest herbicide treatments for weed control in fallow. Res-Prog-Rep-West-Soc-Weed-Sci. [S.l.] : Western Society of Weed Science. 1986. p. 287.

Miller,-S.D.; Fornstrom,-K.J. Evaluation of postemergence herbicide treatments for weed control in sugarbeets. Research-progress-report-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science (USA). (1987). p. 241-242.

Miller,-S.D.; Fornstrom,-K.J. Weed control in sugarbeets with split applications of postemergence herbicides. Res-Prog-Rep-West-Soc-Weed-Sci. [S.l.] : Western Society of Weed Science. 1987. p. 239-240.

Miller,-S.D.; Krall,-J.M. Broadleaf weed control in barley with sulfonyl urea herbicides. Research-progress-report-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science (USA). (1987). p. 255-256.

Miller,-S.D.; Krall,-J.M. Broadleaf weed control in barley with clopyralid and fluroxypyr alone or in combinations. Res-Prog-Rep-West-Soc-Weed-Sci. [S.l.] : Western Society of Weed Science. 1987. p. 260-261.

Miller,-S.D.; Krall,-J.M. Evaluation of herbicides for weed control in barley. Res-Prog-Rep-West-Soc-Weed-Sci. [S.l.] : Western Society of Weed Science. 1987. p. 262-263.

Miller,-S.C.; Krall,-J.M. Weed control with clopyralid combinations in barley. Research-progress-report-Western-Society-of-Weed-Science (USA). (1988). p. 210-211.

Miller,-S.D.; Krall,-J.M. Low volume herbicide application for broadleaf weed control in barley. Res-Prog-Rep-West-Soc-Weed-Sci. [S.l.] : The Society. 1988. p. 212.

Miller,-S.D.; Krall,-J.M. Broadleaf weed control in barley with postemergence herbicide treatments. Res-Prog-Rep-West-Soc-Weed-Sci. [S.l.] : The Society. 1988. p. 214-215.

Morishita,-D.W.; Downard,-R.W. Weed control in sugar beets with triflusulfuron as influenced by herbicide combination, timing, and rate. Journal-of-sugar-beet-research (USA). (Jan-Mar 1995). v. 32(1) p. 23-35.

Morton,-C.S.; Childs,-G.H.; Crowder,-S.H.; Edwards,-M.T.; Hammes,-G.G.; LeClair,-J.J.; Maxcy,-F.B. AssureTM weed killer: control of selected annual and perennial grass weeds in soybeans and cotton. Proceedings-Southern-Weed-Science-Society (USA). (17-19 Jan 1984). (no. 37th) p. 78-81.

Murray,-M.W.; Arnold,-R.N.; Gregory,-E.J.; Smeal,-D. Early broadleaf weed control in potato (Solanum tuberosum) wth herbicides. Weed-technol. Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America. Jan Mar 1994. v. 8 (1) p. 165-167.

Nalewaja,-J.D.; Woznica,-Z. Environment and chlorsulfuron phytotoxicity. Weed-science (USA). (May 1985). v. 33(3) p. 395-399.

Nalewaja,-J.D.; Adamczewski,-K.A. Thiameturon phytotoxicity to kochia (Kochia scoparia). Weed-science (USA). (May 1988). v. 36(3) p. 296-300.

Nalewaja,-J.D.; Palczynski,-J.; Manthey,-F.A. Imazethapyr efficacy with adjuvants and environments. Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Oct-Dec 1990). v. 4(4) p. 765-770.

Nalewaja,-J.D.; Woznica,-Z.; Manthey,-F.A. Sodium bicarbonate antagonism of 2,4-D amine. Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Jul-Sep 1990). v. 4(3) p. 588-591.

Nalewaja,-J.D.; Woznica,-Z.; Matysiak,-R. 2,4-D amine antagonism by salts. Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Oct-Dec 1991). v. 5(4) p. 873-880.

Nalewaja,-J.D.; Matysiak,-R. Species differ in response to adjuvants with glyphosate. Weed-Technol-J-Weed-Sci-Soc-Am. Champaign, Ill. : The Society. July Sept 1992. v. 6 (3) p. 561-566.

Nalewaja,-J.D.; Matysiak,-R.; Freeman,-T.P. Spray droplet residual of glyphosate in various carriers. Weed-science (USA). (Oct-Dec 1992). v. 40(4) p. 576-589.

Nalewaja,-J.D.; Matysiak,-R. Spray carrier salts affect herbicide toxicity to kochia (Kochia scoparia). Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Jan-Mar 1993). v. 7(1) p. 154-158.

Nalewaja,-J.D.; Matysiak,-R. Influence of diammonium sulfate and other salts on glyphosate phytotoxicity. Pesticide-Science (United Kingdom). (1993). v. 38(2-3) p. 77-84.

Nalewaja,-J.D.; Devilliers,-B.; Matysiak,-R. Surfactant and salt affect glyphosate retention and absorption. Weed-Research (Oxford) (United Kingdom). (1996). v. 36(3) p. 241-247.

Rankins,-D.L.-Jr.; Smith,-G.S.; Hallford,-D.M. Serum constituents and metabolic hormones in sheep and cattle fed Kochia scoparia hay. J-Anim-Sci. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science. July 1991. v. 69 (7) p. 2941-2946.

Schweizer,-E-E; Weatherspoon,-D-M Response of sugarbeets and weeds to phenmedipham and two analogues. [Setaria, italica, Kochia scoparia, Amaranthus] Weed-Sci, Nov 1971, 19 (6): 635-639. Ref.

Schweizer,-E-E Control Kochia [scoparia] in sugarbeets with 3'-hydroxypropionanilide isopropylcarbamate Weed-Sci, Mar 1973, 21 (2): 110-114.

Smith,-D-T; Wiese,-A-F; Cooley,-A-W Postemergence control of Kochia [scoparia] and Russian thistle [Salsola kali tenunifolia] in early spring [Sugarbeets] Agron-J, Nov Dec 1975, 67 (6): 752-754. Ref.

Subramanian,-M.V.; Loney-Gallant,-V.; Dias,-J.M.; Mireles,-L.C. Acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides bind to the regulatory site. Plant-Physiol. Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists. May 1991. v. 96 (1) p. 310-313.

Tonks,-D.J.; Westra,-P. Kochia control in spring barley. Res-Prog-Rep-West-Soc-Weed-Sci. [S.l.] : The Society. 1992. p. III 40

Weatherspoon,-D-M; Schweizer,-E-E Control of Kochia in sugarbeets with benzadox. [Kochia scoparia] Weed-Sci, Jan 1970, 18 (1): 183-185

Wicks,-G.A.; Martin,-A.R.; Haack,-A.E.; Mahnken,-G.W. Control of triazine-resistant kochia (Kochia scoparia) in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Oct-Dec 1994). v. 8(4) p. 748-753.

Wicks,-G.A.; Martin,-D.A.; Mahnken,-G.W. Cultural practices in wheat (Triticum aestivum), on weeds in subsequent fallow and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Weed-sci. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America. July Sept 1995. v. 43 (3) p. 434-444.

Wicks,-G.A.; Mahnken,-G.W.; Hanson,-G.E. Weed control in ecofallow corn (Zea mays) with clomazone. Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Jul-Sep 1996). v. 10(3) p. 495-501.

Wiese,-A.F.; Harman,-W.L.; Regier,-C. Economic evaluation of conservation tillage systems for dryland and irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in the southern Great Plains. Weed-sci. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America. Apr June 1994. v. 42 (2) p. 316-321.

Wilson,-R.G. Jr.; Anderson,-F.N. Control of three weed species in sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris) with an electrical discharge system [Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Kochia scoparia, equipment]. Weed-Science (USA). (Jan 1981). v. 29(1) p. 93-98.

Wilson,-R.G. Effect of preplant tillage, post-plant cultivation, and herbicides on weed density in corn (Zea mays). Weed-technol. Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America. July Sept 1993. v. 7 (3) p. 728-734.

Wilson,-R.G. New herbicides for postemergence application in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris). Weed-technology-:-a-journal-of-the-Weed-Science-Society-of-America (USA). (Oct-Dec 1994). v. 8(4) p. 807-811.

Woznica,-Z. Effect of water quality and adjuvants on phytotoxicity of glyphosate [oats and kochia (Kochia scoparia L.) as a bioassay plants]. Roczniki-Nauk-Rolniczych.-Seria-E-Ochrona-Roslin (Poland). Polish Agricultural Annual. Series E - Plant Protection. (1993). v. 22(1-2) p. 97-101.

Zhang,-N.; Chaisattapagon,-C. Effective criteria for weed identification in wheat fields using machine vision. Transactions-of-the-ASAE (USA). (May-Jun 1995). v. 38(3) p. 965-974.

Management: Herbicide Resistance

Anderson,-T.A.; Kruger,-E.L.; Coats,-J.R. Enhanced degradation of a mixture of three herbicides in the rhizosphere of a herbicide-tolerant plant. Chemosphere. Oxford : Pergamon Press. Mar 1994. v. 28 (8) p. 1551-1557.

Beitler, J.S. 1981. Two techniques for detecting atrazine resistance in kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. Weed Sci. Soc. Am. Abstr. 95-96.

Butler,-J.; Siehl,-D. The inhibitor binding pocket of acetolactate synthase from Kochia scoparia. Current-topics-in-plant-physiology (USA). (1992). v. 7 p. 361-363.

Christoffoleti, P.J. and P Westra. 1992. Competition and coexistence of sulfonylurea resistant and susceptible kochia (kochia scoparia) biotypes in unstable environments. Weed Scil Soc. Am. Abstr. 32:51.

Dekker,-J.; Burmester,-R.; Chi,-K.C.; Jensen,-L. Mutant weeds of Iowa: s-triazine-resistant plastids in Kochia scoparia. Iowa-state-journal-of-research (USA). (Nov 1987). v. 62(2) p. 183-188.

Guttieri,-M.J.; Eberlein,-C.V.; Mallory-Smith,-C.A.; Thill,-D.C.; Hoffman,-D.L. DNA sequence variation in domain A of the acetolactate synthase genes of herbicide-resistant and -susceptible weed biotypes. Weed-science (USA). (Oct-Dec 1992). v. 40(4) p. 670-676.

Kwon,-C.S.; Penner,-D. Response of a chlorsulfuron-resistant biotype of Kochia scoparia to ALS inhibiting herbicides and piperonyl butoxide. Weed-science (USA). (Oct-Dec 1995). v. 43(4) p. 561-565.

Lovell,-S.T.; Wax,-L.M.; Simpson,-D.M.; McGlamery,-M. Using the in vivo acetolactate synthase (ALS) assay for identifying herbicide-resistant weeds. Weed-technol. Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America. Oct Dec 1996. v. 10 (4) p. 936-942.

Mallory-Smith,-C.A.; Thill,-D.C.; Alcocer-Ruthling,-M.; Thompson,-C.R. Growth comparisons of sulfonylurea resistant and susceptible biotypes [of weeds prickly lettuce and kochia]. [Conference paper]. 1. International Weed Control Congress. Melbourne, Vic. (Australia). 17 Feb 1992. Richardson,-R.G. (comp.). Proceedings of the First International Weed Control Congress, Volume 2. Submitted Papers. Melbourne, Vic. (Australia). Weed Science Society of Victoria Inc. 1992. p. 301-303.

Perkovich,-B.S.; Anderson,-T.A.; Kruger,-E.L.; Coats,-J.R. Enhanced mineralization of [14C]atrazine in Kochia scoparia rhizospheric soil from a pesticide-contaminated site. Pestic-sci. Chichester, West Sussex : John Wiley and Sons Limited. Apr 1996. v. 46 (4) p. 391-396.

Primiani,-M.M.; Cotterman,-J.C.; Saari,-L.L. Resistance of kochia (Kochia scoparia) to sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides.

Reed,-W.T.; Saladini,-J.L.; Cotterman,-J.C.; Primiani,-M.M.; Saari,- Resistance in weeds to sulfonylurea herbicides.

Saari,-L.L.; Cotterman,-J.C.; Primiani,-M.M. Mechanism of sulfonylurea herbicide resistance in the broadleaf weed, Kochia scoparia. Plant-physiology (USA). (May 1990). v. 93(1) p. 55-61.

Salhoff,-C.R.; Martin,-A.R. Kochia scoparia growth response to triazine herbicides. Weed-science (USA). (Jan 1986). v. 34(1) p. 40-42.

Stallings,-G.P.; Thill,-D.C.; Mallory-Smith,-C.A.; Shafii,-B. Pollen-mediated gene flow of sulfonylurea-resistant kochia (Kochia scoparia). Weed-science (USA). (Jan-Mar 1995). v. 43(1) p. 95-102.

Thill,-D.C.; Mallory-Smith,-C. Management of ALS-inhibitor herbicide-resistant Kochia scoparia in North America. 2. International Weed Control Congress. Copenhagen (Denmark). 25-28 Jun 1996. Brown,-H.; Cussans,-G.W.; Devine,-M.D.; Duke,-S.O.; Fernandez-Quintanilla,-C.; Helweg,-A.; Labrada,-R.E.; Landes,-M.; Kudsk,-P.; Streibig,-J.C. Statens Planteavlsforsoeg, Flakkebjerg (Denmark). Proceedings: Second international weed control congress, 2. Slagelse (Denmark). SP. 1996. p. 399-405.

Thompson, C.R., and D.C. Thill. 1992. Sulfonylurea herbicide-resistant and susceptible kochia(kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.)growth rates and seed production. Weed Sci.Soc. Am. Abstr. 32:131.

Thompson, C.R. 1993. Biology of sulfonylurea herbicide-resistant and susceptible kochia (kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.). Ph.D. dissertation. Univ. of Idaho. Moscow, ID. p. 5-27.

Thompson,-C.R.; Thill,-D.C.; Shafii,-B. Growth and competitiveness of sulfonylurea-resistant and -susceptible kochia (Kochia scoparia). Weed-science (USA). (Apr-Jun 1994). v. 42(2) p. 172-179.

Wicks, G.A. 1986. Atrazine resistant kochia. Proc. Crop Production Clinics. Univ. Nebraska Coop. Ext. Serv. p. 169-171.

Wicks,-G.A.; Martin,-A.R.; Haack,-A.E.; Mahnken,-G.W. Control of triazine-resistant kochia (Kochia scoparia) in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Weed-technology. (Oct-Dec 1994). v. 8(4) p. 748-753.

Wulff, H.D. 1939. Die polysomatie der chenopodiaceen. Planta. 26: 275-290.

Management: Kochia as a Forage

Anonymous. Forage from Kochia : Kochia scoparia L. Bulletin South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station ; no. 384. Brookings, S.D. : Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State College, 1947. 27 p. : ill.

Anonymous. Forage kochia thrives--and is well-behaved. Utah-sci. Logan : Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, 1967-. Spring 1996. v. 57 (1) p. 17-18.

Anonymous. Forage quality of prostrate kochia Kochia prostrata, a shrub native to Asia compared with three browse species Ceratoides lanata, Atriplex verrucifera, Atriplex canescens. Agron-J. Madison, The Society. Sept Oct 1979. v. 71 (5) p. 822-824.

Anonymous. Improving the agronomics and feed value of kochia : final report. SRC technical report ; no. 221. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan : Saskatchewan Research Council, [1988] xv, 198 p.

Anonymous. Improving the agronomics and feed value of kochia. SRC technical report ; no. 216. Saskatoon, Sask. : Saskatchewan Research Council, [1988] v.

Alimov,-E; Amirkhanov,-Zh Study of initial material for the breedng of Kochia prostrata in southeastern Kazakhstan [Forage plant] Vestn-S-kh-Nauki-Kaz, June 1977, 6: 48-52.

Al'muratov,-N.N.; Amirkhanov,-Zh. Diseases and pests of Kochia prostrata in the southern Balkhash region [Kazakh SSR]. Problems-of-desert-development (USA). (1983). (no. 4) p. 83-87.

Archibold,-O.W. Seed input Kochia scoparia as a factor in the regeneration of strip-mine wastes in Saskatchewan. Can-J-Bot-J-Can-Bot. Ottawa, National Research Council of Canada. July 1, 1980. v. 58 (13) p. 1490-1495. ill.

Ashirbekov,-A.; Abdraimov,-S. Palatability and digestability of Kochia prostrata in sheep. Vestn-S-kh-Nauki-Kaz. Alma-Ata June 1978. (6) p. 42-44.

Baigulov,-D.P.; Egorov,-A.I. Kochia prostrata cultivar Mal'guzarskii 83 A forage plant for desert areas. Sel-Semenovod-Mosk. Moskva, Ministerstvo sel'skogo khozia'stva SSSR Mar Apr 1978. (2) p. 48.

Barker,-S; Lange,-R-T Effects of moderate sheep stocking on plant populations of a black oak-bluebush association. [Casuarina, Kochia] Australian-J-Bot, Dec 1969, 17 (3): 527-537.

Belal,-A.H.; Rammah,-A.M.; Hopkin,-M.S.; Hansen,-L.D.; McArthur,-E.D. Studies of salt-tolerance and chemical analysis of fodder shrubs in Egypt and Utah (USA). Tasks-Veg-Sci. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1993. (28) p. 213-220.

Blackshaw,-R.E.; Rode,-L.M. Effect of ensiling and rumen digestion by cattle on weed seed viability. Weed-science (USA). (Jan-Mar 1991). v. 39(1) p. 104-108.

Bukhari,-A.O.; Attia,-A.N.; Al-Sultan,-S.F. Preliminary comparative studies on nutritive values of Kochia scoparia and the commonly used green fodder for sheep in Saudi Arabia. Zagazig-Veterinary-Journal (Egypt). (1993). v. 21(4) p. 707-715. Issued 1995.

Burygin,-V.A.; Davletshina,-M.N.; Temirbaev,-N. Some pests of Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad Pasture shrub plant. Probl-Osvoeniia-Pustyn-Prob-Desert-Dev. Ashkhabad, Ylym. 1979. (1) p. 75-78. ill.

Call,-C.A.; McKell,-C.M. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae - a natural revegetation strategy for disposed processed oil shale. Reclamation-and-Revegetation-Research (Netherlands). (Dec 1982). v. 1(4) p. 337-347.

Coxworth,-E-C-M; Bell,-J-M; Ashford,-R Preliminary evaluation of Russian thistle, Kochia, and garden Atriplex as potential high protein content seed crops for semiarid areas Can-J-Plant-Sci, July 1969, 49(4):427-434.

Curtin,-D.; Steppuhn,-H.; Selles,-F. Plant responses to sulfate and chloride salinity: growth and ionic relations. Soil-Sci-Soc-Am-j. [Madison, Wis.] Soil Science Society of America. Sept Oct 1993. v. 57 (5) p. 1304-1310.

Davis,-A.M. Forage quality of prostrate kochia [Kochia prostrata, a shrub native to Asia] compared with three browse species [Ceratoides lanata, Atriplex verrucifera, Atriplex canescens]. Agronomy-Journal (USA). (Sep-Oct 1979). v. 71(5) p. 822-824.

Dickie,-C.W.; Berryman,-J.R. Polioencephalomalacia and photosensitization associated with Kochia scoparia consumption in range cattle. Journal-of-the-American-Veterinary-Medical-Association (USA). (1 Sep 1979). v. 175(5) p. 463-465.

Dickie,-C.W.; James,-L.F. Kochia scoparia poisoning in cattle Colorado. J-Am-Vet-Med-Assoc. Schaumburg : The Association. Oct 1, 1983. v. 183 (7) p. 765-768.

Dinan,-L. Phytoecdysteroids in Kochia scoparia (burning bush). J-chromatogr-A. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1993-. Jan 7, 1994. v. 658 (1) p. 69-76.

Dobrowolski,-J.P.; Ewing,-K. Vegetation dynamics and environmental attributes of a Great Basin Valley exhibiting widespread shrub dieback. Gen-Tech-Rep-INT-U-S-Dep-Agric-For-Serv-Intermt-Res-Stn. Ogden, Utah : The Station. Nov 1990. (276) p. 103-114.

Doederlein,-T.A.; Sites,-R.W. Host plant preferences of Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) for onions and associated weeds on the Southern High Plains. J-econ-entomol. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America, 1908-. Dec 1993. v. 86 (6) p. 1706-1713.

Durikov,-M. Introduction of Kochia prostrata into cultivation and its importance in improving the productivity of pastures in the Central Kara-Kums. Izv-Akad-Nauk-Turkm-S-S-R-Ser-Biol-Nauk. Ashkhabad : Ylym. 1985. (6) p. 32-36.

Ellabban,-H.M.; Eltrawy,-M.A. Effect of soil salinity on the growth and chemical analysis of Kochia trichophylla [in Egypt]. Tanta-Journal-of-Agricultural-Research (Egypt). (Sep 1977). v. 3(2) p. 89-108. Issued 1980.

El-Trawy,-Mohammad-Abd-Ellah-Harown. Effect of soil salinity on Kochia tricophylla, Zinnia elegans, Mathiola incana and calendula Officinalis. 1976. 187, 6 leaves : ill.

Erickson, E.L. 1947. Forage from Kochia. Part 1. Some plant characteristics and forage production. Bulletin 384. South Dakota Experiment Station, Brookings, SD.

Erickson, E.L. and A.L. Moxon. 1947. Forage from Kochia. Part II. Apparent digestibility, palatibility and other feeding qualities of kochia compared with alfalfa hay. Bulletin 384. SDES, Brookings, SD.

Evans,-M.A.B. Photosensitization: a case report. Bovine-Pract. Stillwater, Okla. : American Association of Bovine Practitioners. Nov 1987. (22) p. 209-211.

Ewing,-K.; Dobrowolski,-J.P. Dynamics of shrub die-off in a salt desert plant community. J-Range-Manage. Denver, Colo. : Society for Range Management. Mar 1992. v. 45 (2) p. 194-199.

Finley,-L-G; Sherrod,-L-B Nutritive value of Kochia scoparia. iI. intake and digestibility of forage harvested at different maturity stages. [Sheep] J-Dairy-Sci, Feb 1971, 54 (2): 231-234.

Francois,-L.E. Salt tolerance of prostrate summer cypress (Kochia prostrata) [Stress tests on potential forage plants]. Agronomy-Journal (USA). (May 1976). v. 68(3) p. 455-456.

Fuehring,-H.D. Cultural practices for Kochia forage production [Kochia scoparia, forage crops]. May 1984. 5 p. Research Report - New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station (USA). no. 538.

Galitzer,-S.J.; Oehme,-F.W. Studies of the comparative toxicity of Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad (fireweed) Guinea pigs. Toxicol-Lett. Amsterdam, Elsevier North-Holland Jan 1979. v. 3 (1) p. 43-49.

Garduno,-M.A. Kochia: a new alternative for forage under high salinity conditions of Mexico. Tasks for vegetation science ; 27-28. Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants proceedings of the First ASWAS Conference, December 8-15, 1990 at the United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates ASWAS Conference. Dordrecht ; Boston : Kluwer Academic, c1993.. p. 459-464.

Georgen,-P.G.; Davis-Carter,-J.; Taylor,-H.M. Root growth and water extraction patterns from a calcic horizon. Soil-Science-Society-of-America-journal (USA). (Jan-Feb 1991). v. 55(1) p. 210-215.

Guha,-S.R.D.; Madan,-R.N.; Kumar,-K. Straw-boards from Rajasthan raw material Pearlmillet, Kochia indica, Leptodenia pyrotechnica. Indian-For. Dehra Dun, N.K. Mathur. Aug 1979. v. 105 (8) p. 571-572.

Hanson,-John. Saskatchewan Research Council. Farmers' experiences with kochia as a feed : a farm survey of soil salinity problems, cropping systems approach, saline soils, kochia management, saline soil, livestock feeding experiences using kochia among southern Saskatchewan farmers, 1987.

Helm,-J.L.; Johnson,-L. Russian thistles and Kochia for forage. Jul 1988. 3 p. NDSU Extension Service publication - North Dakota State University (USA). no. A-125,rev.

Hinks,-C.F.; Olfert,-O.; Westcott,-N.D.; Coxworth,-E.M.; Craig,-W. Preference and performance in grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera: Acrididae), feeding on kochia, oats, and wheat: implications for population dynamics. Journal-of-economic-entomology (USA). (Aug 1990). v. 83(4) p. 1338-1343.

Hinks,-C.F.; Cheeseman,-M.T.; Erlandson,-M.A.; Olfert,-O.; Westcott,-N.D. The effects of kochia, wheat and oats on digestive proteinases and the protein economy of adult grasshoppers, Melanoplus sanguinipes. J-Insect-Physiol. Exeter : Pergamon Press. 1991. v. 37 (6) p. 417-430.

Hinks,-C.F.; Erlandson,-M.A. The accumulation of haemolymph proteins and activity of digestive proteinases of grasshoppers (Melanoplus sanguinipes) fed wheat, oats or kochia. Journal-of-Insect-Physiology (United Kingdom). (1995). v. 41(5) p. 425-433.

Hoefler,-W.C.; Kiesling,-H.E.; Hallford,-D.M. Feedlot characteristics, serum constituents and histopathology of lambs fed Kochia. Agri-Practice (USA). (May-Jun 1988). v. 9(3) p. 30-33.

Horton,-H.; Monsen,-S.; Newhall,-R.; Stevens,-R. Forage kochia holds ground against cheatgrass, erosion. Utah-sci. Logan : Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, 1967-. Spring 1994. v. 55 (1) p. 10-11.

Istamov,-Kh.I. Use of Kochia prostrata seeds in a preliminary test on environmental mutagens. Soviet-Genetics (USA). (1979). v. 14(8) p. 1044-1045.

Iverson,-L.R.; Wali,-M.K. Reclamation of coal mined lands: the role of Kochia scoparia and other pioneers in early succession. Reclamation-and-Revegetation-Research (Netherlands). (Aug 1982). v. 1(2) p. 123-160.

Iverson,-L.R.; Wali,-M.K. Ecology of Kochia scoparia on surface mined lands. Proceedings-of-the-North-Dakota-Academy-of-Science (USA). (Apr 1981). v. 35 p. 7.

Johnson,-W Montana State University Cooperative Extension Service. Kochia [scoparia] fertility [Saline seep] Bull-Coop-Ext-Serv-Mont-State-Univ, Apr 1976, 1132: 295.

Keller,-W; Bleak,-A-T Utah Agricultural Experiment Station. Kochia prostrata: a shrub for western ranges. [Forage plants] Utah-Sci, Mar 1974, 35 (1): 24-25.

Kernan,-J.A.; Coxworth,-E.C.; Spurr,-D.T. New crop residues and forages for Western Canada: assessment of feeding value in vitro and response to ammonia treatment. Animal-Feed-Science-and-Technology (Netherlands). (Sep 1981). v. 6(3) p. 257-271.

Khamdamov,-I-Kh Amino acid composition of some forage species of Artemisia and Kochia Dokl-Akad-Nauk-UzSSR, 1976, 1: 40-42.

Khassanov,-O.Kh.; Rachimova,-T.; Tadzhiev,-S.F. Biological characteristics of newly cultivated fodder plants for pastures of the arid zone in Uzbekistan. Genet-resour-crop-evol. Dordrecht, The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers, c1992-. 1994. v. 41 (3) p. 125-131.

Knipfel,-J.E.; Kernan,-J.A.; Coxworth,-E.C.; Cohen,-R.D.H. The effect of stage of maturity on the nutritive value of kochia. Can-J-Anim-Sci. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada. Dec 1989. v. 69 (4) p. 1111-1114.

Kolesnikova,-E.V. Problems of introduction of arid plants in the Tselinograd Region Forages, Kochia prostrata, Eurotia ceratoides, Artemisia species. Voprosy-Sel-Semenovod-Zrnovykh-Kult-Mnogoletnikh-Trav-Sb-Rab-Quest-Sel-Seed-Prod-Grain-Crop-Peren-Grass. TSelinograd, VNIIZKh. 1981. p. 134-142. ill.

Korobova,-E.N.; Antipova,-E.V.; Bratunova,-L.P. Agrometeorological basis for plant reclamation of rangelands of the desert zone of Kazakhstan. Problems-of-desert-development (USA). (1989). (no. 2) p. 32-37.

Kozulia,-I-E; Soskov,-IU-D Productivity in the northern Aral area of Kochia prostrata from central Asia and Stavropol Biull-Vses-Ord-Lenina-Inst-Rastenievod-Im-N-I-Vavilova, 1974, 42: 36-39.

Kusainov,-K.; Garms,-E.I. Chemical composition and nutritiousness of Kochia prostrata on desert pastures in southeastern Kazakhstan. Vestn-S-kh-Nauki-Kaz. Alma-Ata Dec 1977. (12) p. 54-57.

Lachko,-O.A. Features of the use of groundwater by agrophytocenoses of Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad. in the area adjoining the northwest Caspian coast. Probl-Desert-Dev. New York, N.Y. : Allerton Press. 1985. (1) p. 84-90.Salhoff,-C.R.; Martin,-A.R. Kochia scoparia growth response to triazine herbicides. Weed-Sci. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America. Jan 1986. v. 34 (1) p. 40-42. ill.

Lapina,-L.P.; Sogolova,-T.V.; Strogonov,-B.P. Localization of chlorine in glycophytes and halophytes under conditions of salinization [Salicornia europea, Kochia americana, kidney beans, sunflowers]. Soviet-Plant-Physiology (USA). (Mar-Apr 1980). v. 27(2,pt.1) p. 212-220.

Lugg,-D.G.; Cuesta,-P.A.; Norcross,-G.Y. Effect of N and P [nitrogen and phosphorus] fertilization on yield and quality of Kochia grown in the greenhouse [Kochia scoparia]. Communications-in-the-Soil-Science-and-Plant-Analysis (USA). (1983). v. 14(9) p. 859-875.

Madrid,-J.; Hernandez,-F.; Pulgar,-M.A.; Cid,-J.M. Nutritive value of Kochia scoparia L. and ammoniated barley straw for goats. Small-rumin-res. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier,. Mar 1996. v. 19 (3) p. 213-218.

Malcolm,-C-V Forage production from shrubs on saline land [Kochia brevifolia, Atriplex, Arthrocnemum] J-Agric-West-Aust, Sept 1974, 15 (3, ser. 4): 68-73.

Malik,-K.A.; Bilal,-R.; Rasul,-G.; Mahmood,-K.; Sajjad,-M.I. Associative N2-fixation in plants growing in saline sodic soils and its relative quantification based on 15N natural abundance. Dev-plant-soil-sci. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1991. v. 48 p. 211-218.

Mayland,-H.F.; Robbins,-C.W. Sulfate uptake by salinity-tolerant plant species. Communications-in-soil-science-and-plant-analysis (USA). (1994). v. 25(13 14) p. 2523-2541.

McArthur,-E.D.; Sanderson,-S.C.; Davis,-J.N. Adaptation of forage kochia accessions across an environmental gradient in Rush Valley, Utah. Arid-soil-res-rehabil. Washington, DC : Taylor & Francis. Apr June 1996. v. 10 (2) p. 125-138.

McFarland,-M.L.; Ueckert,-D.N.; Hartmann,-S. Revegetation of oil well reserve pits in west Texas. J-Range-Manage. Denver, Colo. : Society for Range Management. Mar 1987. v. 40 (2) p. 122-127.

McKell,-C.M.; Otsyina,-R.M.; Malechek,-J. Diets of sheep grazing forage kochia and winterfat mixed grass pastures in late fall. Gen-Tech-Rep-INT-U-S-Dep-Agric-For-Serv-Intermt-Res-Stn. Ogden, Utah : The Station. Nov 1990. (276) p. 310-316.

McLendon,-T.; Redente,-E.F. Effects of nitrogen limitation on species replacement dynamics during early secondary succession on a semiarid sagebrush site. Oecologia. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International. 1992. v. 91 (3) p. 312-317.

Moran-Robles,-M. Chenopodiaceae fodder crops - tissue culture in solid and liquid media. Ninth Forum for Applied Biotechnology. Gent (Belgium). 27-29 Sep 1995. Mededelingen-Faculteit-Landbouwkundige-en-Toegepaste-Biologische-Wetenschappen-Universiteit-Gent (Belgium). (1995). v. 60(4a) p. 1691-1695.

Nelson,-S.D. Response of several wildland shrubs and forbs of arid regions to iron-deficiency stress. J-Plant-Nutr. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker. 1992. v. 15 (10) p. 2015-2023.

Nemati,-N. Comparative palatability of Atriplex canescens [Iran, Artemisia herba alba, Kochia prostrata]. Journal-of-Range-Management (USA). (Sep 1977). v. 30(5) p. 368-369.

Newton,-R.J.; Goodin,-J.R.; Magar,-D.L.; Puryear,-J.D. Biomass from unconventional sources in semi-arid west Texas [Saltbush, Atriplex canescens, Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), Kochia, (Kochia scoparia), and mesquite Prosopis glandulosa]. Energy from biomass and wastes VI: symposium, January 25-29, 1982, Lake Buena Vista, Florida. Chicago (USA). The Institute. 1982. p. 167-219.

Nour,-A.A. Nutritional evaluation of Kochia indica. Alexandria-Journal-of-Agricultural-Research (Egypt). (Dec 1995). v. 40(3) p. 61-70. Issued 1996.

Paclik,-J.W. Kochia [scoparia] production and chemical analysis for livestock forage [Texas]. Abstracts-of-papers-presented-at-the-...-annual-meeting-of-the-American-Society-of-Range-Management (USA). (1981). (no.34) p. 10.

Page,-R.J.; Rasmussen,-V.P.; Horton,-H.H.; Newhall,-R.L.; Wilson,-D.E.; Kidd,-G.W.; Roberts,-T.C.-Jr. White rocks road Immigrant forage kochia trial seedings. Rangelands. Denver, Colo. : Society for Range Management,. Aug 1994. v. 16 (4) p. 167-168.

Pendery,-B.M.; Provenza,-F.D. Interplanting crested wheatgrass with shrubs and alfalfa: effects of competition and preferential clipping. J-Range-Manage. Denver, Colo. : Society for Range Management. Nov 1987. v. 40 (6) p. 514-520.

Pendleton,-R.L.; Frischknecht,-N.C.; McArthur,-E.D. Long-term survival of 20 selected plant accession in a Rush Valley, Utah, planting. Res-Note-INT-U-S-Dep-Agric-For-Serv-Intermt-Res-Stn. Ogden, Utah : The Station. May 1992. (403) 7 p.

Prikhod'ko,-N-D; Prikhod'ko,-S-Ja Introduction of Kochia prostrata on ranges of Kopet Dagh foothills [Pasture plant] Problemy-osvoeniia-pustyn', 1977, 3: 67-70. Eng. sum.

Rabbimov,-A.; Ionis,-Y. Structure of populations of Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad. var. virescens by indications of economic value. Probl-Desert-Dev. New York, N.Y. : Allerton Press. 1984. (2) p. 69-73.

Rankins,-D.L. Jr.; Smith,-G.S. Toxicosis of rats fed Kochia herbage and alleviation by supplemental vitamin mixture, zinc, or parenteral acetylcysteine plus trans-stilbene oxide. Proceedings,-annual-meeting-Western-Section,-American-Society-of-Animal-Science (USA). (1987). v. 38 p. 163-166.

Rankins,-D.L. Jr.; Smith,-G.S.; Hallford,-D.M. Deranged metabolic hormones, impaired nitrogen retention and hyperbilirubinemia in early Kochia toxicosis. Proceedings,-annual-meeting-Western-Section,-American-Society-of-Animal-Science (USA). (1988). v. 39 p. 335-338.

Rankins,-D.L. Jr.; Smith,-G.S.; Hallford,-D.M. Serum constituents and metabolic hormones in sheep and cattle fed Kochia scoparia hay. Journal-of-animal-science (USA). (Jul 1991). v. 69(7) p. 2941-2946.

Rankins,-D.L. Jr.; Smith,-G.S.; Hallford,-D.M. Effects of metoclopramide on steers fed Kochia scoparia hay. Journal-of-animal-science (USA). (Sep 1991). v. 69(9) p. 3699-3705.

Rankins,-D.L.-Jr.; Smith,-G.S.; Hallford,-D.M. Altered metabolic hormones, impaired nitrogen retention, and hepatotoxicosis in lambs fed Kochia scoparia hay. J-Anim-Sci. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science. July 1991. v. 69 (7) p. 2932-2940.

Ranksin,-D.L. Jr.; Smith,-G.S. Nutritional and toxicological evaluations of kochia hay (Kochia scoparia) fed to lambs. Journal-of-animal-science (USA). (Jul 1991). v. 69(7) p. 2925-2931.

Ratera,-E.L. Spontaneous plants of interest in the vacinity of the Department of Agrarian Sciences (Argentina Catholic University) Rev-Cienc-Agrar. Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Catolica Argentina. Sept 1980. v. 1 (3) p. 111-118

Rezk,-M.R.; Sadek,-L.A. Studies on autocology of Kochia indica wight [Fodder plant; Egypt]. Egyptian-Journal-of-Botany (Egypt). (1979). v. 22(2) p. 137-156. Issued 1981.

Rommann,-L.M. Kochia: forage or weed? [In western Oklahoma, used for grazing or hay]. Proceedings-Southern-Pasture-and-Forage-Crop-Improvement-Conference (USA). (1983). (no. 39th) p. 96-97.

Rubtsov,-M.I.; Sagimbaev,-R.R.; Shakhanov,-E.S.; Tiran,-T.A.; Balyan,-G.A. Natural polyploids of prostrate summer cypress and winterfat as initial material for breeding. Soviet-agricultural-sciences (USA). (1989). (no. 4) p. 20-24.

Selvaraj,-G.; Jain,-R.K.; Olson,-D.J.; Hirji,-R.; Jana,-S.; Hogge,-L.R. Glycinebetaine in oilseed rape and flax leaves: detection by liquid chromatography continuous flow secondary ion-mass spectrometry. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. Mar 1995. v. 38 (5) p. 1143-1146.

Shaltout,-K.H.; El-Beheiry,-M.A. Phytomass and nutrient status of Kochia indica, a promising fodder plant in Egypt. Flora,-Morphol,-Geobot,-Oekophysiol. Jena : G. Fischer Verlag, 1970-. Jan 1997. v. 192 (1) p. 39-45.

Shamshin,-V.A. Kochia prostrata on sandy lands [Pasture crop, Rostov and Volgograd regions, RSFSR-in-Europe]. Kormoproizvodstvo. Moskva : Kolos. 1981. (12) p. 34.

Shamuradov,-Kh. Nutrition area of Kochia prostrata in foothill desert of Uzbekistan Determination of optimal sowing rate, pasture plant. Probl-Osvoeniia-Pustyn. Ashkhabad, Ylym. 1978. (2) p. 72-74. ill. Davis,-A.M.

Shcherbakov,-B-I Physiology and classification of xerophytes [Artemisia terrae albae, Kochia prostata, Ceratocarpus turkestanicus] Sov-Plant-Physiol, May June 1977, 24 (3, pt. 2): 486-491.

Sheaffer,-C.C.; Marten,-G.C.; Jordan,-R.M.; Ristau,-E.A. Sheep performance during grazing of annual forages in a double cropping system. Journal-of-production-agriculture (USA). (Jan-Mar 1992). v. 5(1) p. 33-37.

Sherrod,-L-B Nutritive value of Kochia scoparia. i. yield and chemical composition at three stages of maturity. [Forage plants] Agron-J, Mar Apr 1971, 63 (2): 343-344.

Shroyer,-J.P. Some specialty crops in Kansas. Ag-Facts-Kans-State-Univ-Coop-Ext-Serv. [Manhattan, Kan.] : The Service. July 1982. (90) 4 p.

Shtok,-D-A Study of mycoflora of Kochia prostrata (1.) Schrad. and other food plants from the southern Kizil-Kum Mikol-Fitol, 1968, 2(1):25-28.

Sosulski,-Krystyna. Alkaloids in kochia : methods investigated and problems encountered. SRC publication ; no. R-814-3-E-87. [Saskatchewan] : Saskatchewan Agriculture Development Fund, [1987] v, 37 p.

Sosulski,-Krystyna. Saskatchewan. Agriculture Development Fund. Antinutritive constituents in kochia : phenolic acids, phenols, flavonols, saponins and tannins : effects of stage of maturity and location. [Saskatoon? : Saskatchewan Research Council?, 1988] viii, 48 p

Sprowls,-R.W. Problems observed in horses, cattle and sheep grazing Kochia Scoparia, forage crop. Proc-Annu-Meet-Am-Assoc-Vet-Lab-Diagn. Madison, Wis., The Association. 1981. (24th) p. 397-406.

Stevens,-R.; Jorgensen,-K.R.; McArthur,-E.D.; Davis,-J.N. 'Immigrant' forage Kochia. Rangelands. Denver, Colo. : Society for Range Management. Feb 1985. v. 7 (1) p. 22-23.

St.-Arnaud,-M.; Vincent,-G. Infuence of high salt levels on the germination and growth of five potentially utilizable plants for median turfing in northern climates. J-Environ-Hortic. Washington, D.C. : Horticultural Research Institute. Dec 1988. v. 6 (4) p. 118-121.

Steppuhn,-H.; Coxworth,-E.; Kernan,-J.A.; Green,-D.G.; Knipfel,-J.E. Response of Kochia scoparia to nitrogen fertilization on a saline soil. Can-j-soil-sci. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada, 1957-. Aug 1994. v. 74 (3) p. 267-275.

Steppuhn,-H.; Wall,-K. Kochia scoparia emergence from saline soil under various water regimes. J-range-manage. Denver, Colo. : Society for Range Management. Nov 1993. v. 46 (6) p. 533-538.

Tag-El-Din,-A.E.; Nour,-A.A.; Ahmed,-M.H.; Zahran,-S.M. Utilization of Kochia indica in complete diets for ruminants. Alexandria-Journal-of-Agricultural-Research (Egypt). (Dec 1991). v. 36(3) p. 69-81. Issued 1993.

Tazhidinov,-K.A. Study of the process of drying the seed of prostrate summer cypress Kochia prostrata, forage plant in Central Asia. Tr-Vses-Nauchno-Issled-Inst-Mekh-Sel'sk-Khoz. Moskva : Institut. 1980. v. 86 p. 178-181. ill.

Tazhidinov,-K.A. Peculiarities of the hydrodynamics of the layer of Kochia prostrata seed Optimum regime of drier operation, forage crop for desert and semi-desert areas of Central Asia. Mekh-Elektrif-Sel'sk-Khoz. Moskva : Kolos. Sept 1981. (9) p. 13-14.

Thilsted,-J.; Hibbs,-C.; Kiesling,-H.; Hallford,-D.; Kirksey,-R.; Meininger,-A.; Tompkins,-J. Kochia (Kochia scoparia) toxicosis in cattle: results of four experimental grazing trials. Vet-Hum-Toxicol. Manhattan, Kan. : American Academy of Veterinary and Comparative Toxicology. Feb 1989. v. 31 (1) p. 34-41.

Tserenpeljee,-B. [The experimental introduction of pasture grasses and shrubs to desert Gobian conditions of Mongolia]. Proceedings-of-the-Research-Inst.-of-Animal-Husbandry (Mongolia). (1990). (no.26) p. 164-165.

Vinton,-M.A.; Burke,-I.C. Interactions between individual plant species and soil nutrient status in shortgrass steppe. Ecology (USA). (Jun 1995). v. 76(4) p. 1116-1133.

Wen,-Y.; Chen,-Y.J.; Cui,-Z.; Li,-J.; Wang,-Z. Triterpenoid glycosides from the fruits of Kochia scoparia. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. Oct 1995. v. 61 (5) p. 450-452.

Wilson,-A-D; Leigh,-J-H; Mulham,-W-E A study of Merino sheep grazing a bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria)-cotton-bush (Kochia aphylla) community on the Riverine Plain Australian-J-Agr-Res, Nov 1969, 20 (6): 1123-1136.

Wrage,-L.J.; Johnson,-P.O. Winter wheat kochia screening. Plant-Sci-Pam-Plant-Sci-Dep-Agric-Exp-Stn-S-D-State-Univ. Brookings, S.D. : The Station. Jan 1989. (16) p. 38-39.

Zahran,-M.A. Forage potentialities of Kochia indica and Kochia scoparia in arid lands with particular reference to Saudi Arabia. Arab-Gulf-J-Sci-Res. Riyadh : Arab Bureau of Education for the Gulf States. June 1986. v. 4 (1) p. 53-68.

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Kochia (Kochia spp.) Biology Outline & Bibliography

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