Introduction

 Family: POACAE- Grass Family

 Genus: Elytrigia

 Species: repens

 Common Names: quackgrass and couch grass

 Previously named: Agroypyron repens, Triticum repens and Elymus repens

 perennial

 reproduce by seeds and rhizomes

 native of Europe

 introduced to New England during colonization

 probably introduced to Quebec during same period

 rapid spreading westward with European settlement

 spread through infested bromegrass seed and infested hay and straw

 Europe, Australia, New Zealand

 temperate zones of Asia and North and South America

 found in all states of the United States of America

 found from Newfoundland to British Columbia in Canada (Boivin 1967)

 Taxonomy (Plant Morphology and Anotomy)

 Blade

 Sheath

 Ligule

 Culm

 spikes

 Spikelets

 Awns

 Glumes

 Rhizomes

 growth composed of aerial shoots and rhizomes

 horizontal rhizome growth beneath soil surface in spring and summer

 axillary buds at base of aerial shoots renew rhizome growth

 axillary buds along rhizomes are mainly dormant

 aerial shoots form at end of growing season from erect (vertical) rhizome tip

 adventitious roots form at nodes of rhizome

 seeds germinate early spring

 tiller production (2-3 months after emergence)

 rhizome production--------June to August

 vertical rhizome growth and shoot development occur in Autumn

 mature plant will form the following year

 flowering--------------------June to July

 seed ripening---------------August to September

 seed drop-------------------late September

 natural seasonal cycle may be altered by cultural practices and environment

  Reproduction

 cross pollinator

 wind-pollinated

 virtually self-sterile

 great variation found from seed reproduction

 many biotypes produced from cross pollination

 seed production range: 15-400 seeds per plant stem (commonly 25-40)

 variability in seed production dependent on: (Williams and Attwood 1970, 1971)

 seeds fall passively from parent plants

 alternating temperatures are required for germination (Chepil 1946; Andersen 1968; Palmer and Sagar 1963)

 no after ripening period

 dormancy of 2-3 years (Carder 1961)

 viability: maximum of 4 years (Brackney and Seely 1966)

 germination promoted by gibberellic acid (Holm and Miller 1972)

 germination inhibited by abscissic acid (Holm and Miller 1972)

 apical dominance in rhizomes

 parent plant cloning

 increased reproduction vegetatively as result of soil disturbance (tillage)

 can be dispersed through tillage (lodging of rhizomes in implements)

 longevity of rhizome buds: 2 years (Lemieux, et al. 1993)

 buds can exhibit dormancy

 rhizome bud viability increases with increasing distance from the primary shoot (Dekker and Chandler 1985)

  Habitat

 cool season grass

 Common in areas of moderate rainfall (rare in low rainfall areas)

 wide variety of soil types

 pH range: 4.5-8.0 (Doyon 1965, 1968; Rousseau 1968)

 high salt tolerance: 70-95 mg/100g of soil (Tesu et al. 1972)

 has been found on saline soils

 rhizome growth is reduced in compacted soils (Wolcott and Carlson 1947)

 mainly occuring in areas where native community has been disturbed

 common in:

 competition

  Population Dynamics

 first growing season: extensive subtillering (clump growth habit)

 as many as 150 rhizomes or rhizome branches formed first year

 second growing season: clump growth pattern develops into patches and later continuous stands

 plants produced from tillers are more vigorous and aggressive than plants from seeds

 biomass from nonliving quackgrass is believed to be allelopathic

 high growth rates during cool periods

 fierce competitor for nutrients: percentage of total nutrients removed from soil by July and total kg/ha removed by 2,000 kg shoot dry weight per hectare respectively: (Bandeen and Buchholtz 1967)

 Economic Importance

 competes strongly with cultivated crops

 reduces yields: (up to)

 increased ear moisture of corn at harvest

 delayed tasseling and silking of corn (Bandeen and Bucholtz 1967)

 highly competitive for nutrients

 reduced value of grass seed crops from contamination

 host for several grain crop pests

 preferred plant for rangeland

 can be used for pasture and hay

 total crude protein comparable to forages such as Timothy grass

 rhizomes are efficient soil binders for erosion prevention

 provides cover for wildlife animals

 dried and ground rhizomes can serve as a source of flour

 has many useful properties for use in herbals

  Control Strategies

 minimum of 2 years total control for eradication (2 year rhizome viability) (Lemiux et al. 1991)

 prevention:

 repeated tillage:

 herbicidal control: (corn)

 herbicidal control: (soybeans)

  Significance of Quackgrass as a problem weed

 spreads quickly by rhizomes

 difficult to control with normal tillage (usually will distribute it further)

 fierce competitor for nutrients

 limited herbicides for use in certain crops

 use as a forage has increased the dispersal (although will serve as a fair forage)

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Buchholtz, K.P. 1958. Variations in the sensitivity of clones of quackgrass to dalapon. Proc. North Cent. Weed Control Conf. 15:18-19.

Dewey, D.R. 1965. Synthetic hybrids of new world and old world agropyrons. 11. Agropyron repens X Agropyron riparium. Amer. J. Bot. 52:1039-1045

Konarev,-A.V. Occurrence of genetic material from Elytrigia juncea (L.) Nevski (2n = 14) in polyploid quackgrass species. 1981

Neuteboom, J. H. 1975. Variability of Elytrigia repens L. Beauv. On Dutch agricultural soils. Meded. Landbouwhogesch. Wageningen 7:1-29

Neuteboom, J.H. 1981. Effect of different mowing regimes on the growth and development of four clones of couch (Elytrigia repens L. Desv. ; syn Agropyron repens L. Beauv.) in monocultures and in mixtures with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) . Meded. Landbouwhogesch. Wageningen 15:1-26.

Rahman,-M.S. Relationship between visual colour rating and chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and some growth characteristics in couchgrass (Cynodon spp. L.) Varieties. 1983

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Tardif, F.J.; Leroux, G.D. 1991. Variability of quackgrass (Agropyron repens) biotypes in Quebec. Phytoprotection 72:115-121.

Tardif,-F.J.; Leroux,-G.D. Response of three quackgrass biotypes to nitrogen fertilization. 1992

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Westra, P. H.; Wyse, D.L. 1981. Growth and Development of Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) Biotypes. Weed Science29:44-52.

Williams, E.D. 1973, Variations in growth of seedlings and clones of Agropyron repens (L) Beauv. Weed Res. 13:24-41.

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